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196 Notes Notes to Preface 1 The term “heritage” was first institutionalized in England in 1975, when the old land fund was renamed the National Heritage Fund. In 1989, it was used to create the friendly sounding name of the Historic Buildings and the Monuments Commission (HBMC), also known as English Heritage. The latter is “a body established under the National Heritage Act of 1983 with responsibility for the protection and the promotion of public enjoyment and understanding of the historic and archaeological heritage” (Walsh 1992, 78). As a quasi-autonomous nongovernmental body (quango), the organization receives most of its financial support from the government, while, in theory, it is free to run its affairs without direct government influence (79). See the Archaeological Review from Cambridge in their special issue, “Archaeology and the Heritage Industry,” for a succinct overview of the origins of the heritage industry in England (Baker 1988). 2 The complete text of the convention document adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization at its seventeenth session in Paris on Novermber 16, 1972, can be accessed on the home page of the World Heritage Centre under the menu link “About World Heritage,” http://whc.unesco.org/en/ convention text. The document can be downloaded in eight different languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Hebrew, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. Due to the limited scope of this book, we will not be addressing the topic of natural heritage. 3 For an overview of World Heritage Centre’s mission, global strategy, list of participating countries, listing criteria, activities, and publications, along with an interactive map, see the home page of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre. At present, there are listed 745 cultural monuments, 188 natural, and 29 mixed properties, with many more on the nomination list pending approval. The close working relationship between the World Heritage Centre and the global tourist industry is made patently evident by the button link to TripAdvisor, a popular Internet travel agency featured on the World Heritage Centre home page. The travel agency is described in the right sidebar of the center’s home page as “working in partnership with UNESCO World Heritage Centre to help protect and preserve the world’s greatest landmarks” (World Heritage Centre, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list, accessed December 6, 2012). Notes to Preface | 197 4 For information on the National Commission for UNESCO’s relations role in the designation of World Heritage sites in Korea, I recommend the following publications: UNESCO Regional Workshop for the Preparation of Periodic Reports on the State of Conservation of World Cultural Heritage Sites in Asia, July 11–13, 2001 (Kyŏngju, Republic of Korea: UNESCO); Sustainable Development of Traditional Historic Villages, November 11, 2002, ICOMOS Symposium Korea, sponsored by the Office of Cultural Properties Administration (Seoul: KS Korean National Committee for UNESCO 2001); and Lee Kyŏng-hui, 1997, World Heritage in Korea (Seoul: Organizing Committee of the Year of Cultural Heritage 1997 / Samsung Foundation of Culture). To read about current educational, cultural, humanitarian activities and publication programs sponsored by the Korean National Commission for UNESCO, see the commission’s home page at http:// www.unesco.or.kr/eng/front/main/, accessed July 24, 2011. This office also publishes the long-running Korea Journal, which celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 2011. See http:// www.ekoreajournal.net/main/index.htm, accessed July 25, 2011. 5 In theory, a registered World Heritage site is subject to annual comprehensive inspections in order to receive World Heritage Fund subsidies for conservation. However, in reality, according to several knowledgeable members of ICOMOS whom I have consulted, for most sites, the funds are too meager to adequately address any of the pressing problems, such as structural maintenance or security upgrades, on a comprehensive level (Yi Insuk , pers. comm., 2010). 6 For a comprehensive survey of the political, commercial, and colonialist goals of world fairs in the nineteenth century, see Peter H. Hoffenberg, An Empire on Display: English, Indian, and Australian Exhibitions from the Crystal Palace to the Great War (2001). Making extensive use of a wide range of contemporary media sources, pundits, and literary luminaries, from journalists to literary authors and government officials, Hoffenberg traces the web of complex power and economic relationships linking the many different kinds of players—imperial commissioners, greedy merchants, scholars, auction houses, advertisers, and arrogant bureaucrats—who were involved in staging, managing, and promoting the international spectacles of the day. 7 I want to take this opportunity to...

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