Fighting for the Enemy: Koreans in Japan's War, 1937-1945

Notes

195 NOTES Notes to Introduction 1 Ōmura Kenzō, Tatakō hantō shiganhei [Fighting peninsular volunteer soldiers] (Seoul: Tōbusho, 1943), 132–46. 2 Higuchi Yūichi, Kōgun heishi ni sareta Chōsenjin: 15nen Sensōka no sōdōin taisei no kenkyū [Koreans who were forced to be imperial soldiers: Study on the general mobilization system during the Fifteen-Year War] (Tokyo: Shakai Hyōronsha, 1992), 120 and 131; and Hanil Munjae Yŏn’guwŏn, Ppaeakkin choguk kkŭllyŏgan saramdŭl: Ch’ilpaengman Chŏsonin kangje tongwŏn ŭi yŏksa [Stolen country, taken away people: A history of seven million Koreans’ forced mobilization] (Seoul: Asia Munhwasa, 1995), 82–84. Korean manpower constituted a small part of the overall Japanese military and workforce. In 1940 Japan had a workforce of 32.5 million laborers, with 8.1 employed in manufacturing and construction. The army had 376,000 on active duty (two million in the reserves) in 1940, and five million on active duty in 1945; the navy had 291,000 men in 1941, and 1.66 million in 1945. 3 Military service was considered a sacred right and obligation of all qualified Japanese men, even if not always eagerly welcomed by those inducted into the military. 4 For an excellent discussion of this, see James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985), xvi. 5 Theodore Jun Yoo, The Politics of Gender in Colonial Korea: Education, Labor, and Health, 1910–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 8. 6 Joung Yole Rew (Chŏng-nyŏl Yu), Japanese Colonial Government of Korea: Empire Building in East Asia (P’aju, South Korea: KSI, Han’guk Haksul Chŏngbo, 2008), 240; and Kang Tŏk-sang, “Background to History-Related Conflicts between Korea and Japan,” in The Historical Perceptions of Korea and Japan, ed. Hyun Dae-song (Paju, South Korea: Nanam Publishing House, 2008), 341. 7 Gi-Wook Shin and Michael Robinson, eds., Colonial Modernity in Korea (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 5. 8 See Pak Kyŏng-sik, Chōsenjin kyōsei renkō no kiroku [A record of the forced displacement of Koreans] (Tokyo: Miraisha, 1965); and Nihon teikoku shugi no Chōsen shihai (ka) [Japanese imperialistic domination of Korea], vol. 2 (Tokyo: Aoki Shoten, 1975), 163. 9 Aimé Césaire, speaking of European imperialism, captured the essence of the kangje yŏnhaeng paradigm when he stated, “Between colonizer and colonized there is room only for forced labor, intimidation, pressure, the police, taxation, theft, rape, compulsory | Notes to Introduction and Chapter 1 196 corps, contempt, mistrust, arrogance, self-complacency, swinishness, brainless elites, degraded masses.” See Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972). 10 Miyata Setsuko, Chōsen minshū to “kōminka” seisaku [The Korean people and the “imperialization” policy] (Tokyo: Miraisha, 1985); Hayashi Eidai, ed., Chōsenjin kōgun heishi: Nyūginiasen no tokushiganhei [Korean imperial soldiers: Special volunteer soldiers of the New Guinea front] (Tokyo: Tsuge Shobō, 1995); and Utsumi Aiko, Kimu wa naze sabakareta no ka: Chōsenjin BC-kyū senpan no kiseki [Why was Kim tried? The trajectory of Korean BC-class war criminals] (Tokyo: Asahi Shinbun Shuppan, 2008). 11 Three examples include Chŏng T’ae-hŏn and Ki Kwang-sŏ, “Ilche ŭi panillyukchŏk Chosŏnin kangje nomu tongwŏn kwa imgŭm t’alch’wi” [The Japanese imperialist’s inhumane mobilization of Koreans and wage exploitation], Yŏksa wa hyŏnsil 50 (2003): 403–28; Chŏng Hye-gyŏng, Chosŏnin kangje yŏnhaeng, kangje nodong [Korean forced displacement, forced labor] (Seoul: Sŏnin, 2006); and Yamada Shōji, Tadashi Koshō, and Higuchi Yūichi, Chōsenjin senji rōdō dōin [Korean wartime labor mobilization] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2005). Yamada, Tadashi, and Higuchi defend forced mobilization studies against recent revisionist criticism. 12 George Hicks, The Comfort Women: Japan’s Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995); Yoshimi Yoshiaki and Suzanne O’Brien, Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); and Michael Weiner, Race and Migration in Imperial Japan (New York: Routledge, 1994). 13 Janice C. H. Kim, To Live to Work: Factory Women in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009), 6. 14 Shin and Robinson, Colonial Modernity in Korea, 2. 15 Carter J. Eckert, “Epilogue: Exorcising Hegel’s Ghosts: Toward a...