Chang'an Avenue and the Modernization of Chinese Architecture

Notes

286 Notes Notes to Introduction 1. Different sections of Chang’an Avenue are specifically defined in this book. For definitions, see the glossary. 2. “Xiang Zhou Enlai zongli yiti gaobie” (Farewell to Premier Zhou Enlai’s body), Wenhuibao (Wen Wei Po), January 11, 1976 (Hong Kong); “Zhou zongli yiti yisong Babaoshan huohua” (Premier Zhou’s body was escorted to Babaoshan for cremation), Wenhuibao, January 12, 1976 (Hong Kong). 3. “Quanguo chentong aidao Zhou zongli” (The whole country deeply mourns Premier Zhou), Wenhuibao, January 15, 1976. This was the plan as indicated in the newspapers of January 15. Later, however, Zhou’s ashes were scattered across the land and seas of China by an airplane, which was, according to Zhou’s widow, Deng Yingchao, his final will. 4. Spence, Search for Modern China, 649–50. 5. “Relie qingzhu Hua Guofeng tongzhi wei wodang lingxiu” (Warmly celebrate comrade Hua Guofeng becoming the party leader), Remin huabao (China Pictorial) (December 1976): 1–23. 6. Esherick, Remaking the Chinese City, 1. 7. Wood, Challenge of the Avant-Garde. 8. Kuspit, Cult of the Avant-Garde Artist. 9. Earlier modernist architects and theorists advocated more formally based definitions of modernity, such as the formal principles of Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson or the space of Sigfried Giedion. Recent scholars have proposed more value-based definitions. Xing Ruan, for instance, defined architectural modernity as faith in common good rather than an overt emphasis on cultural specificity. See Cody, Steinhardt, and Atkin, Chinese Architecture and the Beaux-Arts, 153–68. 10. Mao Zedong, “Xin minzhu zhuyi lun,” 666–68. 11. Beijingshi Guihua Weiyuanhui et al., Chang’anjie, 9. 12. These protests include the May Fourth Movement in 1919, the May Thirtieth Demonstration in 1925, the December Ninth Movement in 1935, and the antiautocratic movement in 1947. 13. Important examples of the anniversary celebrations for the People’s Republic of China on October 1 include the founding ceremony in 1949, the first anniversary in 1950, the tenth anniversary in 1959, the thirty-fifth anniversary in 1984 celebrating the reformist regime under Deng Xiaoping, the fortieth anniversary in 1989 shortly after the bloodshed in Tiananmen, and the fiftieth anniversary in 1999 following the reunification with Hong Kong and anticipating the return of Macau to China. Notes to Introduction 287 14. Kostof, “Emperor and the Duce,” 270–325. 15. Greg Castillo, “Gorki Street and the Design of the Stalin Revolution,” in Streets: Critical Perspectives on Public Space, edited by Celik, Favro, and Ingersoll et al., 57–70. 16. Zeynep Celik, “Urban Preservation as Theme Park: The Case of Sogukcesme Street,” in Streets: Critical Perspectives on Public Space, edited by Celik, Favro, and Ingersoll et al., 83–94. For other scholarship on urban streets, Jacobs, Macdonald, and Rofe’s The Boulevard Book: History, Evolution, Design of Multiway Boulevards offers an overview of the history and techniques in the design and building of modern boulevards, and James Trager’s Park Avenue: Street of Dreams focuses on cultural influence and sociopolitical milieus in the development of Park Avenue in New York. 17. Meyer, Dragons of Tiananmen; Susan Naquin, Peking. 18. Strand, Rickshaw Beijing. 19. Madeleine Dong, Republican Beijing. 20. Hou Renzhi and Deng Hui, Beijingcheng de qiyuan yu bianqian; Shi Mingzheng, Zouxiang jindaihua de Beijing. 21. Wu Hung, Remaking Beijing. 22. Wu Hung, “Tian’anmen Square: A Political History of Monuments,” Representations 35 (Summer 1991): 84–117. 23. Davis et al., Urban Spaces in Contemporary China; Broudehoux, The Making and Selling of Post-Mao Beijing. 24. For example, Susan Naquin wrote, “My research was not begun, nor is it now intended to be, an exercise in nostalgia, either for vanished temples or for a lost Peking. Indeed, it is intended precisely to historicize the city’s timeless past. Nevertheless, if viewed—just for one moment—against the current destruction of the city, this book reminds even me of a ‘record of a dream of a vanished capital.’” Naquin, Peking, 708. 25. Wang Jun suggested that Mao personally supported Soviet advisors’ opinion to locate the new administrative center in the heart of Beijing; Wang, Chengji, 86. Wu Liangyong blamed the strong Soviet influence for the destruction of Old Beijing; Wu, Rehabilitating the Old City of Beijing, 18–23. 26. Arnold Hauser, The Philosophy of Art History (London: Routledge, 1959), 3–17. 27. Zou Denong, Zhongguo xiandai jianzhushi. 28. Zhang Jinggan, Beijing guihua jianshe wushi nian. 29. Wu Liangyong, Rehabilitating the Old City of Beijing. 30. For example, St. John Wilson, Peter Blundell-Jones...