Car Country: An Environmental History

Index

413 index Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures or tables; those followed by “n” indicate endnotes. a AAA (Automobile Association of America), 73, 78, 81 AASHO (American Association of State Highway Officials), 132, 186, 216 ABC Rental Plan, 81 accelerated depreciation, 268–69, 371n60 administrative legibility, 331n120 advertising, 50 African American migration, 367n28 Agee, James, 167, 170 agribusiness and long-haul trucking, 276 agriculture, 11–12, 169, 342n70 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition race (1909), 49–50 American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), 132, 186, 216 American Society of Planning Officials, 369n40 Appalachian oil fields, 176 Arnold, Horace Lucien, 318n67 Arroyo Seco Parkway, Los Angeles, 140 arterial roads: in Bartholomew’s system, 134–35; buses on, 261; cyclists and, xxx; defined, xxvii–xxviii; ribbon developments along, 262, 275–76; speeding of, 154 asphalt, 76–77, 214 assembly lines, 57–58. See also mass production and Fordism Atlanta, xxi, xxiii–xxiv, 135 attitudes toward cars vs. influence of land-use patterns, xxiii–xxvi autobahnen, German, 194 Automobile Association of America (AAA), 73, 78, 81 Automobile Club of America, 323n32 automobile clubs: AAA, 73, 78, 81; formation of, 73; pedestrian safety campaigns, 93–94 automobile design: American touring car, 44–45; array of early designs, 40; closed-steel bodies, 210, 218, 359n36; high-wheelers, 45, 114, 312n21; horseless carriage, 40, 311n13; Mercedesstyle , 42–44, 48–49, 113; runabouts (gas buggies), 45; smooth roads and effects on interactions with nature, 218–19; stylish, comfort-oriented amenities, 218–19; weather issues and Model T accessories, 51–54; weight-to-power ratio and search for lightweight car, 45–48; wooden body, 210, 239. See also Ford Model T automobile industry: as conglomeration , 204; earliest motor vehicles, 40; growth of (pre-WWI), 37–39; sales trends, 203, 279; scale and scope of production, 203–4. See also Ford Motor Company automobile manufacturing: 1917 peak in production, 61; during and after World War I, 61–62; European, 42–44, 312n18; Ford Model N and economies of scale, 55; market shares, 58; before Model T, 54–55; Model T and Fordism, 55–60. See also mass production and Fordism 414 || index Automobile Ownership and Residential Density (Lansing and Hendricks), 280–85, 282, 284 “automobility,” 300n15 avenues in Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, 96 B Bartholomew, Harland, 134 Bates, Henry, 180 Baudrillard, Jean, 341n61 beautification efforts, roadside, 216 bicycling, xxx, 25–26, 324n39 bird’s-eye vs. motorist’s-eye view, 132, 141 Blooming Prairie, Minnesota, 144–46, 145, 150 Blue Ridge Parkway, 226 Boston: one-way streets, 100, 332n130; pedestrians, 86–87; police-directed traffic, 91; sewer construction, 306n50; street openings, 25; subway construction, 24 boulevards: in Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, 96; Chicago’s use of, 138–39, 338n38; “instant,” 139 BPR. See Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) Brazilian rubber plantations, 208, 210–12 Brennan, Thomas, 6 Brinkley, Douglas, 313n26 Bronx River Parkway, New York City, 225, 242 brownfield sites, 278 Brownlow, Walter T., 81 Brownlow bill, 323n32 Budd Manufacturing Company, 210 budgets. See financing; gasoline taxes Buick Model 10 (1908), 46 Bureau of Public Roads (BPR): creation of, 85; environmental impacts and, 214; highway-planning surveys and self-supporting issue, 191–93; highway safety and road conditions report (1937), 132–33; on interstates vs. toll roads, 273; interwar reconstruction projects, 131; Mount Vernon Memorial Highway and, 225; national park roads and, 220–21; stage construction policy, 71–72, 195; Toll Roads and Free Roads, 196–98 Burnham, Daniel, 96 Burnham, John C., 300n15 buses, 272, 292 businesses, retail. See retail bypass roads, 170, 197, 276, 355n72 C Cadillac Motor Car Company, 45 campgrounds, roadside, 168 Car Country: critics of, xxxiv; defined, xxx–xxxi; environmental consequences of, xxxiii–xxxiv; historical development (overview), xxxi–xxxii; as ubiquitous in U.S., xxxi. See also specific topics catalytic cracking, 177 CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), 200, 201–2, 221–22 centralization: good-roads movement and, 27–28, 29–30; rural, 155, 156–59; street control and, 95; traffic congestion and, 87. See also downtown districts Chapin, Roy, 83 chauffeurs, 89 Chesbrough, Ellis S., 20 Chicago: boulevards and stop sign use, 138–39, 338n38; Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, 96; double-decked streets, 135; manufacturing jobs, loss of, 278; number of automobiles, 87–88; parking ban, 343n90; Safety First Commission , 93; sewer system and raised grade, 20; street-widening projects, 331n125; traffic court, first, 92–93 children: anticar activity by, 89, 90; index || 415 danger to, 88, 121...