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Glossary
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226 glossary Abbas, Mahmoud (Abu Mazen): Born in Safad but expelled with his family in 1948. While a young businessman in Qatar, became an early member of Fatah. From 1983, responsible for PLO connections with Israeli peace groups. Had strong ties with the Soviet Union, where he spent some time. Took a significant role in the Oslo Accords and with the Palestinian Authority, becoming its prime minister for a few weeks in 2003. Since 2004, has been the president of the Authority. Abdullah Abdullah: Adviser, personal friend, and foreign policy aide to Panjshir leader Ahmed Shah Massoud. Became the United Front (or Northern Alliance) minister of foreign affairs. Abdullah, Crown Prince and King of Saudi Arabia: De facto ruler beginning in 1996 as crown prince, king and ruler of Saudi Arabia since 2005. ABM: Anti-ballistic missile. ABM Treaty. See Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty. Additional Protocol: This IAEA model protocol was the response to the call for improved NPT verification in the Statement of Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament at the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference . It was adopted by the IAEA in 1997. By 2004, only about 20 percent of NPT states parties had signed and ratified additional protocols to their safeguards agreements based on the IAEA model; by 2010, 100 NPT parties had brought additional protocols into force. Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud: Succeeded Mohammed Khatami when elected president of Iran in August 2005. Former mayor of Tehran. Considered to be a religious conservative . Reelected in 2009 in a disputed election. gLoSSARy 227 Ahmed, General Mehmoud: Director general, Inter-Services Intelligence, Pakistan, 1999–2001. Albright, Madeleine: U.S. secretary of state, 1997–2001. Ali al-Sistani, Grand Ayatollah: Shiite leader and Iraq’s most important political figure. anthrax: An infectious disease caused by spore-producing bacteria. The most dangerous form of the disease, pulmonary anthrax, is also a favored biological-weapon agent. Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty): Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-ballistic Missile Systems. Signed and entered into force in 1972 at the conclusion of the first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I), the ABM Treaty strictly limited the deployment of national missile defenses by either the United States or the Soviet Union (now Russia) and, pursuant to a 1974 protocol, limited each side to one ABM deployment site. The United States gave notice of withdrawal to Russia under Article XV (the six-month withdrawal clause) on December 13, 2001, and formally withdrew on June 13, 2002. Arab Legion: Jordanian Army. Founded in 1920 by a British general known as Glubb Pasha, it played a crucial role in the 1948 war, securing the West Bank for Jordan until 1967. Arafat, Yasser: Born in Cairo in 1929 and also educated there. While in Kuwait (1957–60), founded the Fatah movement and remained its official leader until his death in 2004. Leader of the PLO (1969–93) and president of the Palestinian Authority (1993–2003). Co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 for his participation in the Oslo Accords. Besieged in his compound in Ramallah by the Israeli army from April 2002 until his death in 2004. Arak: Location in Iran of a heavy-water nuclear reactor that will produce plutonium when it becomes operational. Armitage, Richard: Deputy secretary of state, 2001–5. Atef, Mohammed: Egyptian-born senior military commander of Al Qaeda, killed in a U.S. air raid in 2001. Aum Shinrikyo: Japanese religious sect (Hindu and Buddhist mix) responsible for sarin nerve gas attack in the Tokyo subway system in 1995. Ba’ath Party: (Arabic, “Renaissance”) Pan-Arabist party founded in Damascus in 1947. In 1957, opened branches across the Arab world, one of the most successful being in Iraq, where it became the ruling party. Took control of Syria in 1963 and has been the ruling party ever since. Balfour Declaration: On November 2, 1917, Arthur James Lord Balfour, the British foreign secretary, sent a letter to Lord Rothschild, promising the establishment of a national home for the Jews in Palestine without prejudicing the rights of the indigenous population. [3.142.36.183] Project MUSE (2024-04-17 19:44 GMT) 228 gLoSSARy Bandar, Prince: Saudi ambassador to the United States, 1983–2005. Upon departing Washington, became national security adviser in Saudi Arabia. Barak, Ehud: Born in 1942 in Kibbutz Mishamer Hasharon. Joined the Israeli army in 1959 and served for thirty-five years, reaching the...