The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War

Index

Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan, 34,36,37 Abu-Bakr,56 Afghan Turkistan, 216, 218 Afghanistan, government policies: toward Western explorers, 33-34; influence upon Wakhi society, 23 Aga Khan, 32,58 Agriculture -Kirghiz, 186-87, 191-92 -Wakhi: arable land, 7-8; type and technology, 62-63; production and means, 71-73, 78-79, 188, 201, 202; needs, 76 Agropastoralism, Wakhi, 63 Aiel, 145-46_ See also Camp, Kirghiz Albarste, 123n A1chur Range, 11,36 Alexander the Great, 20,56 Ali Mardan Shah, 36 AlifBeg,33 Al Murrah, 227 Amanat. See Herds Amanullah Khan, Amir, 39 Amu Darya, upper: geographical location of, 3; as international boundary , 4; ecological significance of, 4, 5; mentioned, 8, 10, 19, 21, 22, 24,25,26,31,37,38,44,45,223 297 Index Amu Darya, valley: topography of, 5 ; climate, 8, 9; archaeological survey of, 38, 47, 48; mentioned, 19,22,28,29 and n Andamin Pass, 22n, 48 Andijan,42, 172; rebellion, 38n, 49 Anglo-Afghan Wars, 30, 33 Anglo-Russian: rivalries, 30-33; Pamir treaty, 36-37, 37nn Asqu Onderi, 11, 22n Ata Bai Qazi, 150 Atalik Ghazi. See Yakub Beg Babur,27 Badakhshan, 22, 24, 26, 28, 41, 46, 49n, 64, 66, 74, 199 and n, 211,227,228 Badakhshan, Mir of, 31-33 passim Bad-i-Wakhan, 7,9,64 Bakhshi, 210 Balkh, 20, 21, 24 Barter. See Exchange Basmachi movement, 39 and n Be. See Camp, Kirghiz, elders Bedouins, 227 Beks' revolt. See Basmachi movement Bridewealtb. See Marriage Broghil Pass, 5, 34, 35, 36, 38 Bukhara, 21, 26 298 Bukhara, Amir of, 37 Burnes, Sir Alexander, 28 Burhanuddin Khan Kushkaki, 39 Buzai Gumbaz, 32, 35, 36, 48 and n,173 Camels: and altitude, 8; in Wakhan, 75; numbers of, 103; products of, 104; social value of, 105 Camp, Kirghiz: organization and numbers of, 145-47; seasonal variation of, 145-47; and pasture ownership, 146; as herding groups, 146-47; elder's role in, 147; sociopolitical nature of, 148, 149 Capital; Kirghiz access to, 143-44 Cattle, Wakhi, 74-75,201 Central Asian khanates, 27 and n Chang Ch'ien, 21 Chaqmaqtin Kol, Lake, 4,12 Chelap, 48 Childbirth: Wakhi, 76; Kirghiz, 123 and n, 124 Chinese Empire, 20-21, 24-25, 27, 35,37,219 Chinese Turkistan, 3, 20, 21, 22-25, 34, 38, 39, 41-43 passim, 47-49 passim, 51, 79, 80, 170, 171, 193, 198,206,210,216,222,227 Chitral, 5, 22 and n, 27, 29, 32, 34,35,36,38,45,46,172 Chitral, Mirs of, 32 Chung Pamir. See Great Pamir Clothing: of Wakhi, 68; of Kirghiz, 128 Closed frontiers, 43, 51, 170-73, 193,194,222-23 Cold, stress of, 127, 128 Communication,16n Craftsmen, among Kirghiz, 136,211 Crops, Wakhi, 72 Cultural ecology: anthropological approach to, xx, xxi Culture change: studies of, xxii, xxiii Danish Pamir Expedition, 37-38; Olufsen of, 45 Darwaz, 36 Diet: of Wakhi, 77-78, 188; of KirIndex ghiz, 109-10 Disputes, settlement of in Pamirs, 209 Dogs, 90, 107 Donkeys, 75, 107 Dostlik. See Quran dostlik Durand, Colonel A., 36 Dost Mohammed Khan, Amir, 28 Economic productivity, of Kirghiz, 134-36 Ethnicity and political economy in Middle East, 219-20 Exchange, 78, 136-38, 187-89 passim, 189n, 202-4 Explorers, Western, 25-38, 43 Faizabad, 10,29,32,195,208 Fatteh Ali-Shah, Mir, 32 Felt, 95, 188 Fergana, 21, 22, 25, 39, 47, 50, 212,217 Fishing, 109 Fodder cultivation, 175 Forsyth, Sir Douglas, 33 Forsyth Mission, 35 Frontier, 98, 99, 194, 195, 169-70, 204, 205, 219. See also Closed frontiers Funeral rites: Wakhi, 76; Kirghiz, 157-58; mentioned, 148 Gaz Khan, 3,5, 10 Gharan,66 Gilgit, 45, 172, 186 Goats: Wakhi, 74, 200; Kirghiz, 8892 passim; number marketed, 139 de Goez, Benedict, 27, 28 Gordon, Captain, 33 Great Pamir, 3, 11-12, 16, 26, 116, 186 Great Trigonometrical Survey, 13, 31 Habibullah Khan, Amir, 38 Hayward, Captain, 33 Herds: composition of, 88, 133 distribution of, 130-33, 176-83, 190, 225, 226; ownership of, 176, 178-85,225 ;management of, 179-80, Index 182, 225, 226; size of, 184-85, 226 Herders, Wakhi, 207 Herding patterns, Kirghiz, 89, 141, 142 High altitude: effects on animals, 88; and human adaptation, 119-21, 126; Kirghiz ailments related to, 126 and n. See Hypoxia Hindu Kush, 5, et passim Holy Quran friendship. See Quran dostlik Homogamy, ofWakhi, 83 Horses: in Wakhan...