Reel Nature: America's Romance with Wildlife on Film

Notes

notes manuscript collections AAP Arthur Allen Papers Division of Rare and Manuscript Collection, Cornell University CRCP Clarence Ray Carpenter Papers Pennsylvania State University FOP-LC Fair~eld Osborn Papers Manuscript Division, Library of Congress FOP-WCS Fair~eld Osborn Papers Wildlife Conservation Society GKNP Gladwyn Kingsley Noble Papers Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History HFP Harold Fabian Papers Rockefeller Archive Center JHP Julian Huxley Papers Rice University 221 KCC Kenneth Chorley Collection Rockefeller Archive Center MARP Marineland Papers Marineland, Florida MBC Museum of Broadcast Communication Chicago, Illinois MPP Marlin Perkins Papers Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri–St. Louis NTP Niko Tinbergen Papers Department of Western Manuscripts, Bodleian Library, Oxford University OMC Olaus Murie Collection Denver Public Library RFA Rockefeller Foundation Archives Rockefeller Archive Center RFC Rockefeller Family Collection Rockefeller Archive Center SNLC Steven N. Leek Collection American Heritage Center WDA Walt Disney Archives Walt Disney Studios, Burbank, California WDBP William Douglas Burden Papers American Museum of Natural History ZPC Zoo Parade Collection Lincoln Park Zoo prologue 1. For multidisciplinary perspectives on the making of Disneyland and other Disney theme parks, see Karal Ann Marling, ed., Designing Disney’s Theme Parks: The Architecture of Reassurance (New York: Flammarion, 1997). 2. “Disney’s Animal Kingdom,” vol. 1, no. 1, http://www.themeparks.com/ wdw/dak/animal01.htm. 3. On the ~nancial costs and animal deaths, see Mireya Navarro, “New Disney Kingdom Comes with Real-Life Obstacles,” New York Times (16 April 1998): A14–A15. 4. “Disney’s Animal Kingdom.” 5. Norie Quintos Danyliw, “The Kingdom Comes: Fake Animals Outshine the Real Ones in Disney’s Newest Park,” U.S. News & World Report (6 April 1998): 64. 6. “Disney’s Animal Kingdom.” 7. Ibid.; Navarro, “New Disney Kingdom Comes With Real-Life Obstacles,” p. A14. notes to pages 1–3 222 8. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac With Essays on Conservation from Round River (New York: Ballantine Books, 1970), p. 264. For entry into the scholarly debate on the meaning and usefulness of the wilderness ideal in American environmentalism, see William Cronon, “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature,” Environmental History 1 (1996): 7–28 and the commentaries that follow this article. 1 hunting with the camera 1. Theodore Roosevelt, “Wild Man and Wild Beast in Africa,” National Geographic Magazine 22 (1911): 4. The number of specimens collected was reported in a number of newspaper articles. See “Roosevelt Sails Down Nile,” New York Times (1 March 1910), p. 2; “Roosevelt Specimens 11,397,” New York Times (7 April 1910), p. 4. For Roosevelt’s account of the expedition, see Theodore Roosevelt, African Game Trails (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910). For a discussion of the aesthetics of realism in the museum diorama, see Donna Haraway, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (New York: Routledge, 1989); Susan Leigh Star, “Craft vs. Commodity, Mess vs. Transcendence: How the Right Tool Became the Wrong One in the Case of Taxidermy and Natural History,” in The Right Tools for the Job: At Work in Twentieth-Century Life Sciences, eds. Adele E. Clarke and Joan H. Fujimura (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), pp. 257–286; Karen Wonders , Habitat Dioramas: Illusions of Wilderness in Museums of Natural History (Uppsala: Almquist & Wiksell, 1993). 2. Frederic Lucas, “The Scope and Needs of Taxidermy,” Annual Report of the American Society of Taxidermists 3 (1883): 52–53. 3. H. F. Hoffman, “The Roosevelt Pictures,” The Moving Picture World 6 (30 April 1910): 683. See also “Roosevelt in Africa—Special Two-Reel Licensed Subject Released April 18,” The Moving Picture World 6 (2 April 1910): 528–529; “See Roosevelt Hunt in Moving Pictures,” New York Times (19 April 1910), p. 5; Cherry Kearton, Wild Life Across the World (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914). On Kearton, see C. A. W. Guggisberg, Early Wildlife Photographers (London: David & Charles, 1977). 4. The Moving Picture World (14 May 1910): 793; Hoffman, “The Roosevelt Pictures,” p. 682. 5. Rev. E. Boudinot Stockton, “The Educational Picture Discussed,” The Moving Picture World 17 (9 April 1913): 627. On the social history of early motion pictures, see Lary May, Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Robert Sklar, Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies (New York: Vintage Books, 1975). David Nasaw, Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (New York: Basic Books, 1993). 6. Stockton, “The Educational...