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GLOSSARY abatis Defensive obstacle formed by felled trees with sharpened branches facing the enemy. aeolian loess Wind-blown deposits of loamy, unstratified material typically associated with the peripheries of glaciated lands. ager (Latin) Cultivated field. alang-alang (Tagalog) General term used in Philippines and Indonesia for grasslands dominated by the genus lmperata. allelopathy The suppression of growth of one plant species by another due to the release of toxic substances. anticyclone System of winds that rotates about a center of high atmospheric pressure clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern. autarky Policy of establishing a selfsufficient and independent national economy. Avialesookhrana (Russian) Aerial forest protection service. bandeirantes (Portuguese) Mestizo groups that flourished around Sao Paulo, Brazil, and specialized in long-range raiding and slaving. Belgorod line Defensive perimeter begun in the sixteenth century along southern Russia, from Belgorod to Simbirsk. Beltane The first day of May in the old Scottish calendar; the May Day Festival, characterized by hilltop bonfires. blanket bog Organic soil that completely covers a site. Brandwirtschaft (German) General term for swidden agricultural practices , particularly where the fallow involves woods. bdinnodling (Swedish) General term for fire-fallow agriculture practices, particularly where organic soils are involved. For the woodland equivalent , see svedjebruk. broadcast burning Controlled burning in which the flaming front is allowed to propagate over large areas. byre Cow bam. Cacique (Spanish, from Arawak) Local chieftain. Calluna Genus of low shrubs, including the commonheather (Calluna vulgaris). cambium The thin living layer of cells in trees between the heartwood and the bark. caii.ada (Spanish) Cattle path; also, ravine. cerrado (Portuguese) The varied grasslands of central Brazil, akin to the American prairie. CFC Chlorofluorocarbons. corvee (French) Labor exacted in lieu of taxes by public authorities. counterfire Generic expression for any fire set in opposition to a wildfire; alternatives: backfire, burning out. 583 584 GLOSSAR Y currach A large coracle (a round boat covered with hides) with a keel. devonshiring See paring and burning. dirigisme (French) State planning or control. duff Partly decayed organic matter on the forest floor. ECE European Economic Commission, an institution within the United Nations. ecoubuage (French) Swidden agriculture in organic soils; see also paring and burning ENSO EI Nifio-Southern Oscillation; the large-scale, irregular shifting of winds and moisture between the eastern and western Pacific in response to changing ocean temperatures. ESA European Space Agency. epicormic Growing from a dominant bud exposed to light and air. eustatic Relating to or characterized by worldwide change of sea level. FAO Food and Agriculture Organization , an institution within the United Nations whose responsibilities include forestry. fjilll (Swedish) High barren field or moor, typically above the treeline; English cognate,fell. flashover The explosive growth of a fire when it becomes heated to the flash point or when smoldering material is suddenly brought into contact with oxygen. Fohn (German) Warm, downslope wind; originally applied in Switzerland. forb An herb other than grass. Forstmeister (German) Head forestry official or ranger. fusain Fossil charcoal. fynbos (Dutch) General term applied to the Mediterranean-climate brushlands around the Cape of Good Hope. Greek fire An incendiary, liquid composition used in warfare by the Byzantine Greeks. hetman A Cossack leader. huuhta (Finnish) Swidden cultivation in old-growth forests; first-contact conversion of old woods to agriculture. hyggesburning (Swedish) A system of controlled burning in logged pine to reduce slash and encourage regeneration. ICONA (Spanish) Acronym for Instituto Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza, which includes the Spanish Forestry Service and has responsibility for wildland and forest fire protection. Imperata Genus of tropical grasses, including alang-alang. infield Cultivated plots. izba (Russian) Peasant's house. jhum (India) Eastern Indian term for forest swidden. kaski (Finnish) Swidden cultivation in second-growth forests, often birch; successor to huuhta cultivation. kyttlandsbruk (Swedish) Swidden cultivation in organic soils. ladang (Malay) Local term for swidden cultivation. lande (French) Moor or heath. Also, Landes the southwest section of France once dominated by heath-like vegetation. Lander (German) Individual provinces or states federated into Germany. landnam (Danish) Old Norse term for first-contact swidden. latifundium (Latin; pI. -a) A great landed estate with primitive agriculture and labor often in a state of partial servitude. laterite Residual product of rock decay that is red in color and has a high content in the oxides of iron and hydroxide of aluminum. lay Arable land used temporarily for haying or grazing ling Heath plant, particularly Calluna vulgaris. Also, ljung (Swedish). maquis (French) Generic term for the [3.138.134.107] Project...

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