A Storied Wilderness: Rewilding the Apostle Islands

Notes

235 Introduction 1 Jonathan B. Tourtellot, “National Park Destinations Rated,” National Geographic Traveler (July/August 2005); http://traveler.nationalgeo​ graphic.com/2005/07/ destinations-rated/central-text (accessed June 16, 2009). (The first and last quotes are in the print version; the middle two quotes are in the online version only.) 2 Emmet J. Judziewicz and Rudy G. Koch, “Flora and Vegetation of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore and Madeline Island, Ashland and Bayfield Counties, Wisconsin,” The Michigan Botanist 32 (March 1993): 43–189; Bob Krumenaker, “An Ecological Disaster in the Making,” Around the Archipelago (2009): 2. 3 Jeff Rennicke, Jewels on the Water: Lake Superior’s Apostle Islands (Bayfield, WI: Friends of the Apostle Islands, 2005), 98. 4 Michael Van Stappen, Northern Passages: Reflections from Lake Superior Country (Madison, WI: Prairie Oak Press, 2003), 26; Tourtellot, “National Park Destinations Rated,” 83. 5 Harlan P. Kelsey, “Report on Apostle Islands National Park Project,” January 20, 1931, RG 79, Box 634, National Park Service, General Classified Files, 1907–32, Proposed National Parks, 0–32 (hereafter cited as First Park Proposal Files), National Archives, College Park, MD (hereafter, NA MD). Notes 236 Notes to introduction 6 Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Wisconsin, General Management Plan: Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Wisconsin (Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1989). 7 Others use this term differently. For the Rewilding Institute, the term connotes the plan for large-scale wilderness restoration built around the conservation of large predators like wolves and bears. For other scholars, it means the introduction of African megafauna as proxies for the animals that disappeared from North America during the Pleistocene extinctions. For still others, it simply means the reintroduction of extirpated animals to a part of their former range. Dave Foreman, Rewilding North America: A Vision for Conservation in the 21st Century (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004); Reed Noss and Michael Soulé, “Rewilding and Biodiversity: Complimentary Goals for Continental Conservation ,” Wild Earth 3 (Fall 1998): 22–43; Josh Donlan et al., “Rewilding North America,” Nature 436 (August 2005): 913–14; Paul S. Martin, Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). 8 Richard White, “‘ Are You an Environmentalist, or Do You Work for a Living’: Work and Nature,” in Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 171–85. 9 Paul S. Sutter, Driven Wild: How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), and “‘A Blank Spot on the Map’: Aldo Leopold, Wilderness, and U.S. Forest Service Recreational Policy, 1909–1924,” Western Historical Quarterly 29 (Summer 1998): 187–214. 10 James Morton Turner, “From Woodcraft to ‘Leave No Trace’: Wilderness, Consumerism, and Environmentalism in Twentieth-Century America,” Environmental History 7 (July 2002): 462–84. 11 James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 2. 12 There is a vibrant literature on the role of the state in promoting both economic development and the protection of nature. Most of these studies assess the federal government and its land management agencies—especially the National Park Service and the Forest Service. But a narrow focus on federal agencies misses essential elements of the expansion of state authority. For discussions of the role of the state in domestic economic development, see Richard White, “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own”: A New History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991); and William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence: Notes to introduction 237 University Press of Kansas, 1994). Studies of the role of the federal government in nature protection include Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997); Ronald A. Foresta, America’s National Parks and Their Keepers (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1984); Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, 2d ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987); Paul W. Hirt, A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests Since World War Two (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996); and Nancy Langston, Forest Dreams, Forest Nightmares: The Paradox of Old Growth in the Inland West (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995). 13 In this book, I use the term state...