Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians

Notes to Parts I and II

Notes Parts I and II NOTE ON ABBREVIATIONS The Commission's report is based upon hearings, archival research and secondary sources. Some ofthe more than 750witnesses composed written testimony to augment their oral statements; other persons submitted written statements but did not testify. Notes therefore cite personal statements and materials under three heads: "testimony" (for oral statements before the Commission), "written testimony" and "unsolicited testimony." Abbreviations that designate material from major archives and research libraries appear below. The thousands ofdocuments and secondary sources assembled by the Commission required an internal locator system indicated by "CWRIC" followed by a page number. In the Aleut chapter, some CWRIC citations refer to separate files on the war and evacuation in Alaska, cited as "CWRIC AL". At this writing, it is anticipated that, no matter which archive houses Commission files, the locator system will be useful, so it has been included. Other abbreviations include: Bancroft Library: University of California, Berkeley; collection on Japanese American evacuation and resettlement. To locate individual documents see catalog of this material by Edward N. Barnhart (Berkeley: University of California General Library, 1958).. DO]: Department of Justice records, Washington, DC; subsequent numbers indicate DO} files. FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation records, Washington, DC. FDRL: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY. HR: U. S. House of Representatives reports. LC: Library of Congress, Washington, DC, all divisions. NARS. RG: National Archives and Records Service, Washington, DC; Record Group. Sterling Library: Yale University, New Haven, CT; Henry L. Stimson Papers, Manuscript Group No. 465. 1 Before Pearl Harbor 1. For historical background on the pertinent application of the naturalization laws, see Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922); Stefan Thernstrom , ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 734-48. 2. In re Ah Yup, 1 Fed. Cases 223 (Cir. Ct., D. Calif. 1878) (decision of Circuit Judge Sawyer). 3. Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178 (1922). 4. At the time of the First World War, it appeared that citizenship was promised to aliens who volunteered to serve in the American military forces; although Japanese aliens volunteered, they were not given citizenship when the courts came to review the law. Bill Hosokawa, Nisei: The Quiet Americans (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1969), p. 91; see In re Charr, 273 Fed. 207 (W. D. Mo. 1921). 5. Roger Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), pp. 16-19. 6. In 1849, the Supreme Court decided in the Passenger Cases that regulation ofimmigration was the exclusive domain ofthe federal government. Sniith v. Turner and Norris v. The City of Boston, 48 U.S. 282 (1849). 7. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, p. 18. B. 22 Stat. 58 (May 6, 1882); 27 Stat. 25 (May 5, 1892); 32 Stat. 176 (Apr. 29, 1902). 9. Act to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Acts, to establish quotas, and for other purposes, 57 Stat. 600 (Dec. 17, 1943). 10. William Langer, An Encyclopedia ofWorld History, 4th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), pp. 815, 919. 11. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, pp. 1-3. 12. Ibid., pp. 2-4. 13. Robert A. Wilson and Bill Hosokawa, East to America (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1980), p. 141. 14. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, pp. 3-5. 15. Ibid., pp. 6-7. 16. Wilson and Hosokawa, East to America, p. 116. 17. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, p. 1 and Appendix A. lB. Thomas Sowell, Ethnic America (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1981), p. 157; Yasuo Wakatsuki, "Japanese Emigration to the United States, 18661924 " in Perspectives. in American History, vol. 12 (1979), p. 465. 19. Daniels, Politics ofPrejudice, p. 13; see also Leonard Broom and Ruth 363 364 PERSONAL JUSTICE DENIED Riemer, Removal and Return (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949), p.7. 20. Carey McWilliams, Prejudice (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1945), pp.77-80. 21. Sowell, Ethnic America, pp. 155-79. 22. Daniels, Politics ofPrejudice, p. 1. 23. Bureau of the Census, Census ofPopulation 1970, vol. 1, Characteristics of the Population, part 6 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 86. 24. McWilliams, Prejudice, pp. 81-83; see also Jacobus tenBroek, Edward N. Barnhart and Floyd Matson, Prejudice, War and the Cofl$titution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954), p. 12. 25. McWilliams, Prejudice, pp. 77-80. 26. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, pp. 21-22. 27. Remarks quoted from the San Francisco Examiner...