index Abe, Shingo, 201 Akutsu, James, 209 Alaska, 7, 92–93; Aleut and evacuation, 247n26; fbi and pre–WW II planning, 88–89; internees from, 125, 246n21; pre–WW II Nikkei population, 88; unsettled authority in, 89 Alaska Defense Command (adc): Bureau of Indian Affairs and, 92; under Western Defense Command, 90, 93 Alien and Seditions Act, 25 Alien Enemies Act, 25, 49, 57, 119, 131 Alien Enemy Control Program, 26 Alien Enemy Control Unit, 6, 56, 61–65 passim, 169; created, 52; hearings, 58–63; and wra isolation centers, 156; parole and early release, 63–64 Alien Enemy Hearing Board, 52, 64 Alien Enemy Information Board, 56 Alien Enemy Parole Division, 52, 64 Alien Land Laws and Amendment, 14, 57 American Civil Liberties Union, 169 American Fascist Party, 29 American Friends Service Committee, 144 American Moorish Science Temple, 19 American Nationalist Socialist League, 29 Amerikadeutscher Volksbund. See GermanAmerican Bund Andriano, Sylvester, 138 Anti-Japanese prejudice: and birthrate, 15; as cultural factor, 15; economic factor, 14; history of, 14–17; racial factor, 15, 16 Army, U.S. See DeWitt, Lt. Gen. John L.; Internment camps; Military service; Western Defense Command Army Intelligence. See Military Intelligence Division (War Department) Army Language School. See Military Intelligence Service Language School Assembly centers. See Incarceration camps Association of German Nationals (Reichsdeutsche Vereinigung), 32 Australia, 251 Beckham, Sgt. John A., 186 Bendetsen, Col. Karl R., 130 Berg, Moe, 20 Besig, Ernest, 169 Best, Raymond R.: and wra isolation camp, 149, 274n83; and wra segregation camp, 165, 166, 169 Biddle, Francis, 27, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 65, 124; and incarceration, 130, 131–32; and Individual Exclusion Program, 138 Bismarck (North Dakota) Internment Camp. See Internment camps: Justice Department (ins)—Fort Abraham Lincoln detention camp Black Dragon Society (Kokoryu kai), 30–31, 62, 229n72 Black Shirts, 29 Border Patrol, 6, 181, 206 Buckner, Lt. Gen. Simon B., 89 Buddhist churches and temples of America, ix, 46, 102, 104 Bulgarian nationals, 124 Bundy, Harvey, 76 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 6, 92 Burleson, PFC Clarence A., 187 Burling, John L., 35 Bush, President George H. W., 221 Camacho, President Manuel A. (Mexico), 97 Camp Harmony assembly center, 92 Canada, 251 Cardenas, President Lazaro (Mexico), 97 Carter, John F., 40 Carusi, Ugo, 123 Chamberlain, Albert, 144 Charney, Mignon, 80 Circolo Mario Morgantini, 29 Citizenship: dual, 240n73; Issei eligibility for, 126, 215; renunciation of, 168–72, 216 Civil Rights Act (1988), 221 Clark, Tom C., 130 Collins, Wayne M.: and Peruvians, 102–3; and Tule Lake Stockade prisoners, 171, 182; and wra renunciants, 171–72 Columbus, S. S.(German), 17, 121 Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians: causes of, 212; recommendations, 220 Communist Party, U.S.A., 29 “Concentration camps,” 8 Congress, U.S.: and citizenship renunciation, 168; and incarceration penalty, 132 Corum nobis, 220, 288n16 Count Biancamano, SS (Italian), 17 Crystal City, Texas. See Internment camps, Justice Department Cuba: internment program, 98; pre–WW II Nikkei population, 97 Culley, John, 112 Daniels, Roger, 285n38, 287n6 Department of Justice. See Alien Enemy Control Unit; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Immigration and Naturalization Service; Incarceration camps; Internment camps; Loyalty Questionnaire; Special Defense Unit Deponte, Harold L., 80 Detention camps. See Internment camps: Justice Department DeWitt, Lt. Gen. John L.: antipathy toward Japanese Americans, 133, 135; and incarceration, 129, 212; and exclusion policies, 132–33; and internment, 104; and Individual Exclusion Program, 138–39; and Hawaii, 75; and Justice Department, 58; and Santa Fe detention camp, 110–11 DiMaggio, Joe, 214 Doolittle, Col. James H., 21 Draft. See Military service Dual citizenship, 240n73 Early, Stephan T., 47 Eisenhower, Milton, 134 Emergency Detention Act, 220 Emmerson, John K., 100 Emmons, Lt. Gen. Delos C.: Hawaii command, 75, 76, 77; and Individual Exclusion Program, 139; selective removal policy, 86; and Western Defense Command, 139 Endo, Mitsuye, 175 Ennis, Edward J., 50, 51–52, 53–56, 61–65 passim, 103; Cuba and, 98; incarceration role of, 130; and Latin America internees, 101; renunciation program and, 169. See also Alien Enemy Control Unit Espionage. See Intelligence activities Evacuation centers. See Incarceration camps 306 Index [3.236.147.122] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 16:55 GMT) Evacuation Claims Act, 220 Evanzz, Karl, 18 Exclusion. See Executive Order 9066; Individual Exclusion Program; Public Law 503 Executive Order 9066, 4, 57, 120, 127; and Alien Enemies Act, 131; decision making, 130–31; enforcement power, 132; formulation of, 130–32; Germans and Italians and, 132, 136–39; Hawaii and, 79–80; and incarceration, 133–34; legal challenges...