Notes
notes 1 / the imprisonment process 1. Yasutaro Hibi and Taju Koide, interviewed in their homes in San Diego, Calif., December 1983, by the author. Interviews are presently in the author’s possession and will be placed in Manuscripts, Special Collections, University Archives of the University of Washington Libraries, Seattle. Mr. Koide, born April 15, 1888, died on April 28, 1991, in San Diego; I am indebted to Tamiko Iwashita, Coronado, Calif., for this information. After spending years in the wra camps with their families, both men were eventually released and allowed to return to San Diego. They lost most of their possessions during the war years, and since the Issei were denied commercial fishing licenses, they could not return to their prewar occupations until 1948. They became landscape gardeners in order to feed their families. Mr. Hibi’s love of fishing continued, but in the postwar years he pursued it only as a sport, while Mr. Koide devoted his recreational time to oil painting. 2. Tadashi Yamaguchi, interviewed at his home in Seattle, 1979, by the author. Interview is in the author’s possession and later will be placed in the University of Washington Libraries . 3. Eugene V. Rostow, “Our Worst Wartime Mistake,” Harper’s Magazine (September 1945), pp. 193-201. 4. Listing the available literature on the incarceration of Japanese Americans is beyond the scope of this presentation. However, many of the available works are listed in the bibliography . 5. The army occasionally changed the designations of units dealing with intelligence matters. From 1939 to 1945, the Military Intelligence Division (mid) was the overall branch, and the mid-Intelligence Branch was a subsidiary unit until 1942. In either January or March 1942, the Intelligence Branch name was changed to Military Intelligence Service (mis), and the branch was charged with collecting, evaluating, and disseminating intelligence information. The Counterintelligence Corps was a component of the Intelligence Branch, and when the Intelligence Branch became the mis, the Counterintelligence Corps became the Counter Intelligence Corps (cic). In this book, for the sake of consistency and clarity and unless it is important to specify a particular unit within a branch, the army’s intelligence branch will be referred to as the Military Intelligence Division and the navy’s branch as the Office of Naval Intelligence. 6. Dorothy S. Thomas, The Salvage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952), p. 581. 2 / pre–world war ii preparations 1. Edward K. Strong, The Second Generation Japanese Problem (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1934; reprint, New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1970), p. 150. 2. Marcus Garvey, The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, ed. Robert A. Hill, 7 vols. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 4:702. 3. Lee Kennett, For the Duration . . . The United States Goes to War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985), p. 64. 4 Memorandum, U.S. State Department, quoted in Bob Kuramoto, “The Search for Spies: American Counter-intelligence and the Japanese American Community 1931–1942,” Amerasia Journal 6, no. 2 (fall 1979): 49. 5. Quoted in Gary Y. Okihiro, Cane Fires (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), p. 173. 6. William O. Douglas, The Court Years (New York: Random House, 1980), p. 271. 7. Ibid., pp. 271–72. 8. The difference in numbers from the original 411 is accounted for by two deaths, five transfers, and two paroled to the German embassy. Memorandum, W. F. Kelly, Assistant Commissioner for Alien Control, to Lemuel B. Scofield, Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General and Director of the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Justice Department , 14 October 1942, Justice Department, Record Group (hereafter RG) 85, File Number (hereafter F.N.) 56125, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter N.A.). 9. Richard G. Powers, Secrecy and Power (New York: The Free Press, 1987), p. 127. 10. Garvey, Marcus Garvey Papers, 3:47. 11. Ibid., 4:236. Emphasis added. 12. Reference is to an undated fbi headquarters file on Naka Nakana, or Satohata Takahashi , quoted in Karl Evanzz, The Messenger (New York: Pantheon Books, 1991), pp. 126, 536. Since few sources exist on this enigmatic figure, I have relied on Evanzz’s writings. Mention of Takahashi is also in C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America (New York: Beacon Press, 1961), p. 18: “[Takahashi] tried to persuade the Muslims to swear allegiance to the Mikado, and succeeded in splitting off some members of the movement.” 13. Memorandum, Hayne Ellis, Director of the oni, to...
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