Seeking Salaam: Ethiopians, Eritreans, and Somalis in the Pacific Northwest

Notes

267 one: at "home" in the pacific northwest 1 The english spelling of eritrean and ethiopian words varies, but unless i am quoting, i use the most common forms found in academic texts. Where politics defines spelling, i apply the spelling of the people quoted, as is the case for the use of “Tigre,” “Tigrinya,” and “Tigray.” although the speech of all three groups derives from the same language—Tigrinya means “the language of the Tigre”—eritreans understand “Tigrayans” as those living in the Tigray province of ethiopia, “Tigrinyas” as semitic people from the highlands of eritrea, and “Tigres” as related speakers in eritrea who are mostly muslim. To ethiopians, however, “Tigrayans” refers to those in Tigray and anywhere else where the language is spoken. 2 nuruddin Farah, Maps (new York: Penguin, 2000), 258. 3 ibid., 174. 4 Catherine Besteman, Unraveling Somalia: Race, Violence, and the Legacy of Slavery (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 123. 5 mawi asgedom, Of Beetles and Angels: A Boy’s Remarkable Journey from a Refugee Camp to Harvard (new York: little, Brown, 2001), 17. 6 atsuko karin matsuoka and John sorenson, Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001). 7 nuruddin Farah, Yesterday, Tomorrow: Voices from the Somali Diaspora (new York: Cassell, 2000). 8 ibid., 188. 9 Rima Berns mcgown, Muslims in the Diaspora: The Somali Communities of London and Toronto (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). 10 andrew Rice, “The long interrogation,” New York Times, June 4, 2006, magazine section, 50–57. 11 Robin Cohen, Global Diasporas: An Introduction (seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997). n OTes 268 noTEs To cHaPTErs onE anD TWo 12 ahmed i. samatar, “Beginning again: From Refugee to Citizen,” Bildhaan 4 (2004): 1–17. two: within the american gaZe 1 Half a million people, including children, died during the Red Terror massacre, which lasted until 1978. in 2007, the ethiopian supreme Court tried mengistu in absentia for genocide, and when Zimbabwe, to which he’d fled, refused to extradite him, he was sentenced to death in 2008. 2 Okbazghi Yohannes, Eritrea, a Pawn in World Politics (gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1991), 234. 3 nicholas Clapp, Sheba: Through the Desert in Search of the Legendary Queen (new York: Houghton mifflin, 2001), 221. 4 alemseged abbay, Identity Jilted or Re-Imagining Identity? The Divergent Paths of the Eritrean and Tigrayan Nationalist Struggle (lawrenceville, n.J.: Red sea Press, 1998) 223–25, 163. 5 Joseph e. Harris, African-American Reactions to War in Ethiopia, 1936–1941 (Baton Rouge: louisiana state University Press, 1994), 1–2. 6 some of the most oft-quoted references are genesis 2:13 (relationship of the garden of eden to ethiopia); numbers 12 (marriage of moses to an ethiopian woman); Psalms 68:31 (ethiopia would soon stretch out her hands unto god); amos 9:7 (children of israel likened by god to the children of ethiopia); and acts 8 (the apostle Philip baptized the ethiopian Jew on his way to worship in Jerusalem). 7 For a detailed account of this period and a discussion of the reasons for ethiopia’s failure, see Bahru Zewde, History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991, eastern african studies, 2d ed. (athens: Ohio University Press, 2001), 153–58. 8 Chinweizu, Decolonizing the African Mind (lagos, nigeria: Pero, 1987). 9 michela Wrong, “I Didn’t Do It for You”: How the World Betrayed a Small Nation (new York: HarperCollins, 2005), 99, 131–36. 10 “somali merchants Finally Receive Compensation for government Raid,” aclu Washington, July 22, 2004, www.aclu-wa.org/issues/otherissues/ news-somalisettlement.html (accessed august 30, 2005). 11 Roland marchal, “islamic Political Dynamics in the somali Civil War,” Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa, ed. alex de Waal (Bloomington: indiana University Press, 2004) 125. 12 ioan m. lewis, Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society (lawrenceville, n.J.: Red sea Press, 1994), 20. noTEs To cHaPTErs THrEE anD foUr 269 three: with eyes open 1 Bartamaha, “seattle somali Community Response to Terrorism,” http:// www.bartamaha.com (accessed november 2, 2009). four: having the last word 1 alan Parry and Robert e. Doan, Story Re-Visions: Narrative Therapy in the Postmodern World (new York: guildford Press, 1994), 27. 2 Jacobo Timerman, Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number, trans. Toby Talbot (madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002). 3 matsuoka and sorenson, Ghosts...