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ABM (anti-ballistic missile) systems , 49, 55 ABM (anti-ballistic missile) Treaty, 53–54, 67, 127 ACDA (Arms Control and Disarmament Agency), 77–78 AFTAC. See U.S. Air Force Tactical Applications Center aircraft reconnaissance, 18–19, 30– 36, 42, 55, 135; and bomber gap, 29–30, 33; and Cuban Missile Crisis, 19; and Edward Land, 34; and SR-71, 35–36, 129, 135; and U-2, 31–35, 37, 39, 130, 135 Index 163 Antarctic Treaty, 13, 124, 125 anthrax, 11 anti-satellite systems. See ASAT Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. See ACDA ASAT (anti-satellite systems), 69, 124, 125 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. See BWC bomber gap. See aircraft reconnaissance ; United States Brezhnev, Leonid, 50 Bush, George H. W., administration: and CWC, 94; enhancing NTM capabilities of, 79; and INF Treaty, 79; and START I Treaty, 79; and START II Treaty, 86 Bush, George W., administration: opposition to BWC Protocol, 95; and Proliferation Security Initiative , 116, 129; and SORT, 88 BWC (Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention), 11–13, 94–95, 127; absence of NTM, 130; Geneva Protocol of 1925, 8, 9; verification of, 11, 94–95 Carter, Jimmy, administration: and SALT II Treaty ratification, 78–79; and satellite reconnaissance , 56, 75, 138; and telemetry monitoring, 79 CD (Conference on Disarmament), 91, 128; and CTBT negotiations, 26; and FMCT negotiations, 98 Central Intelligence, directors: G. H. W. Bush, 46; R. Gates, 46; R. Helms, 65; J. McCone, 44 Central Intelligence Agency. See CIA CFE (Conventional Forces Europe) Treaty, 93, 133 chemical weapons, 13, 100, 102, 106; used against Belgium, Ethiopia, Iran, and Yemen, 8; used by Egypt, Germany, Iraq, and Italy, 8 164 INDEX Chemical Weapons Convention. See CWC China, 4, 79, 102, 103, 105, 120; ASAT system, 125; nuclear weapons testing, 118; opposition to FMCT negotiation of, 98; opposition to NTM of, 96 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 31, 38, 84, 87, 142– 43; development of A-12/SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft by, 35; development of satellite reconnaissance by, 38, 41, 137; development of U-2 reconnaissance aircraft by, 31–32. See also Intelligence Community Clinton, William Jeªerson, administration : and CTBT ratification, 97; and declassification of historical imagery, 138 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. See CTBT concealment, denial, and deception , 40, 113–15; by India, 44; by Iran, 114; by Iraq, 113, 115; by Israel, 114; by Libya, 114; by North Korea, 111, 114; by Soviet Union, 68, 113 Conference on Disarmament. See CD Conventional Forces Europe. See CFE Treaty CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty), 23, 25–26, 42, 128, 134, 140–41; entry into force of, 25, 140; and IMS, 42, 96, 128, 140, 141; and NTM, 96–97, 134; on-site inspections, 134; and radionuclide monitoring , 43; ratification of, 25, 97– 98, 140 Cuban Missile Crisis, 15, 19, 33, 44–45. See also aircraft reconnaissance ; Russia/Soviet Union; United States CWC (Chemical Weapons Convention ), 94, 128; absence of NTM, 94, 130; and Hague Peace declarations , 8; on-site inspections of, 94 Eisenhower, Dwight D., administration : and aircraft reconnaissance , 30, 31–36; and Atoms for Peace Proposal, 119; and bomber gap, 29–30, 33; and missile gap, 29–30; and nuclear arms race, 19, 28, 120; and nuclear test ban initiatives, 20, 22; and Open Skies Proposal, 20; and satellite reconnaissance, 37, 38–41, 56 ElBaradei, Mohamed. See IAEA Fissile Material Cutoª Treaty. See FMCT FMCT (Fissile Material Cutoª Treaty), 98, 128. See also China; India France, 102, 120; and NTM, 96; INDEX 165 and nuclear weapons testing, 22, 119 Gates, Robert, 46 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 81, 82, 118 Hague Peace Declaration, 8 Helms, Richard, 39, 65; on intelligence support to strategic arms negotiations, 62–63 Hussein, Saddam, 109, 113; and nuclear weapons program, 108–9 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 92, 128; and ElBaredei, Mohamed, 95, 119; inspectors, 113, 114, 115; use of national intelligence by, 92, 95, 130 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 16, 38, 48–49, 128; Minuteman, 16–17, 48–49, 73; MIRVs (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles ), 24, 49, 74, 87, 129; SS-9, 49; SS-18, 73, 87; SS-19, 73–74, 86; SS-25, 82–83; Titan II, 17 imagery intelligence. See IMINT IMINT (imagery intelligence), 128 India, 103, 119–20; concealment, denial, and deception, 114; nuclear arsenal of, 105; nuclear weapons testing of, 43, 108; India (continued) opposition to FMCT negotiations of, 98; opposition to NTM of, 96 INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, 7, 80–84, 128, 133; confidence-building measures , 83...

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