Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era

Table of Contents

Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.The 1925 Geneva Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Summary and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.The Antarctic Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Summary and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The Antarctic Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.The “Hot Line” Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Summary and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Memorandum of Understanding between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Measures to Improve the U.S.A.-USSR Direct Communications Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to Expand the U.S.-USSR Direct Communications Link . . . . 26 4.The Limited Test Ban Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Summary and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.The Outer Space Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Summary and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies . . . . . . 35 6. Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Background on Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Treaty of Tlatelolco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Summary and Analysis—Latin American Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Additional Protocol I to The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Additional Protocol II to the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Treaty of Rarotonga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Summary and Analysis—South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Protocol 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Protocol 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Protocol 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Treaty of Bangkok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Summary and Analysis—Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Treaty of Bangkok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Protocol to the Treaty on Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Treaty of Pelindaba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Summary and Analysis—African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 African Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Protocol I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Protocol II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Protocol III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Mongolian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Summary and Analysis—Mongolian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Law of Mongolia on Its Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status Adopted on 3 February 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Resolution 19 of the State Great Hural of Mongolia on Measures to be Taken in Connection with the Adoption of the Law on Its Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status,Adopted on 3 February 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 General Assembly Resolution A/RES/53/77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Proposals for Additional Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Northeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Central and Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Summary and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Documents from the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Resolution on the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Final Document Issued by 2000 NPT Review Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 The Structure and Content of Agreements between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between .......... and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards . . . . . . . 158 8. Special Non-Proliferation Treaty Safeguards Agreements . . . . 191 The U.S.Voluntary Safeguard Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Summary and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Agreement between the United States of America and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in the United States . . 194 Protocol to the Agreement between the United States of America and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 EURATOM Safeguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Summary and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 VI  Contents Agreement between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the European Atomic Energy Community and the International Atomic Energy Agency in Implementation of Article III, (1) and (4) of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Agreement between Belgium, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, the European Atomic Energy Community and the Agency in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Agreement between Belgium, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal...