Imprisoned Apart: The World War II Correspondence of an Issei Couple

Notes

NOT E S 1: Establishing Roots 1. In Kazuo Ito, Issei: A History rifJapanese Immigrants in North America, trans. Shinichiro Nakamura andJean S. Gerard (Seatde:Japanese Community Service, 1973), P·51. 2. Seatde Post-Intelligencer, September 4, 1919. 3. Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at Seatde, Washington, 189(}1957 , microfllm, roll 42, National Archives-Pacific Northwest Region (NA--PNR), Seatde. 4. U.S. Bureau ofilie Census, Historical Statistics rifthe United States, Colonial Times to 195T A Statistical Abstract Supplement (Washington, D.c., Government Printing Office, 1960), Series C 88-114. According to 1940 Japanese government records, most immigrants came from Hiroshima-ken (72,484) and from four other prefectures: Kumamoto (65,378), Okinawa (57,283), Fukuoka (55,492), and Yanuguchi (41,788). These data were compiled by Yuji Ichioka and cited in Pacific Citizen (Los Angeles), November 11, 1983. 5. Iwao Matsushita passport, box 1, Iwao Matsushita Papers, University ofWashington (UW) Libraries, Seatde. 6. Iwao Matsushita, 12 interviews with Carol Zabilski, Seatde, 1975-76, copies of notes in author's possession (hereafter Matsushita interviews). 7. Teruko Inoue of Fukuoka, Japan, eldest daughter of Matsushita's older sister, Toku, provided early biographical data on Iwao and Hanaye Matsushita by way of correspondence and interviews, Seatde, 1991-94. For Matsushita's professional biography, see box 1, Matsushita Papers. 8. Joseph M. Kitagawa, Religion inJapanese History (1966; New York: Columbia University Press, 1990) ,pp. 177-261. 9. "My Father's Mission Work in Tonomi: Persecution at ilie Primary School," in "Life as a Fulbrighter, 1954-1955:' by Teruko Inoue, undated, unpublished manuscript , in the author's possession. 269 270 10. For example, Matsushita's brother, Sekio, was a seminarian at Vanderbilt University; his niece, Teruko Inoue, came to the U.S. as a Fulbright scholar in 1954 and taught English in an all-girl's high school in Nagasaki until 1980. 11. Carol Zabilski, "Dr. Kyo Koike, 1878-1947: Physician, Poet, Photographer," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 68 (1977):72-79. 12. Matsushita passport. 13. Reminiscence ofChiyokichi Kyono, quoted in Ito, p. 40. 14. Passenger freighters from Japan were common visitors during this period in both Seattle and San Francisco harbors. Many passengers ofthe era were picture brides on steamers arriving almost biweekly during busy seasons. Although comparable data for Seatde and Victoria/Vancouver are not available, 22 ships arrived at San Francisco in 1918 alone, bringing 524 new brides who had not yet met their husbands. From 1911 through 1919, 5,654 picture brides entered the U.S. at San Francisco. U.S. House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, japanese Immigration Hearings, 66th Cong., 2d Sess., 1921, Part 1, pp. 144-45. 15. Trachoma and hookworm were common ailments brought to America during the immigration period. Health examinations conducted in the home country failed to uncover all the problems. Examination by U.S. immigration authorities was strict and, although not often cause to return an immigrant to Japan, frequendy resulted in a quarantine of days or weeks, during which there were repeated eye examinations and feces inspections. Checks for syphilis were routine. For details of the ordeals of immigrants, both leavingJapan and entering U.S. ports, see Tsurutani Hisashi, Americabound : Thejapanese and the Opening cifthe American ~st, trans. Betsey Scheiner (Tokyo: Japan Times, 1989). 16. Matsushita interviews. 17. S. Frank Miyamoto, Social Solidarity among the japanese in Seattle (1939; rpt. Seatde: University ofWashington Press, 1984), table 5, p. 31. 18. Among the Japanese-owned businesses catering to the community were 282 hotels and lodging houses, 91 retail grocers, 44 laundries, 45 fruit and vegetable stalls in public markets, 73 restaurants, 10 clothing establishments, 5 banks, and 4 newspapers. japanese Immigration Hearings, Part 4, pp. 1109-22. 19. Ibid., p. 1178. 20. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census cifPopulation, 1920. 21. japanese Immigration Hearings, Part 4, p. 1354. 22. Census cifPopulation, 1920. 23. Ito, p. 526. 24. An inventory of hotels provided by the hotel inspector for the state of Washington, dated July 9, 1920, listed S. Chesaro as manager of the Chesler [sic] Hotel. japanese Immigration Hearings, Part 4, pp. 1353-54. 25. Matsushita interviews. 26. The average wage for Seatde Japanese was $116.49 at the end of 1930. No wage statistics for Mitsui or other workers have been found. 27. Polk's Seattle City Directory, 192(}-24. 28. The Northwest American Japanese Association's occupational census of 1930 showed Seattle with 167 white-collar employees of 12...