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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xv 1. A Brief Historical Background of Shiªism and Moharram 3 2. The Qajar Elites and Religious Patronage (1796–1925) 15 3. Qajar Society and Religious Culture: Tehran as a Case Study 30 4. The Pahlavi Regime and the Emergence of Secular Modernism (1925–1979) 47 5. Religious Rituals, Society, and Politics during the Pahlavi Period 67 6. Hoseyn, “The Prince of Martyrs” 87 7. Fatemeh, Zeynab, and Emerging Discourses on Gender 113 8. The Islamic Republic 131 9. Conclusion 154 Notes 163 Bibliography 179 Index 195 vii ...

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