Captured in the Middle: Tradition and Experience in Contemporary Native American Writing

Notes

NOTES Introduction 1. Baer, Warrior: The Life of Leonard Peltier (Lym Productions, 1991). 2. Hu-DeHart, "The State of Native North America," in The State ofNative America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance, ed. M. Annette Jaimes (1992), ix-x. 3. ray, Critical Social Science (1C)87), &}. 4. Tierney, Official Encouragement, Institutional Discouragement: Minorities in Academe-the Native American Experience (1992), 140. 5· Freire, Pedagogy ofthe Oppressed (1970), 47. 6. Tierney, Official Encouragement, Institutional Discouragement, 145. 7. Shattering the Silences, prod. Gail Pellett (Gail Pellett Productions, 1997)' 8. Tribal Colleges, xi. 9. Tierney, Official Encouragement, Institutional Discouragement, 117. 10. Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins (1988), 94. 157 NOTES House Made ofCards The Construction ofAmerican Indians 1. Momaday, "The Man Made of Words," in Indian Voices: The First Convocation ofAmerican Indian Scholars (1970), 55. 2. Owens, Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel (1992),4 3. Kenneth Lincoln, Indi'n Humor: Bicultural Play in Native America (1993),4 4 Trilling,. The Opposing Self(1978), 33. In The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society, Trilling also says that it is the very essence of intelligence to recognize irresolvable complexity (281). 5. Timothy Egan, "Nez Perce Anticipate a Homecoming," Eugene (Oreg.) Register-Guard (July 22, 1()96}: lA, sA· 6. Kenneth Lincoln, Native American Renaissance (1983), 10. 7. Berkhofer, The White Man's Indian: Images ofthe American Indian from Columbus to the Present (1979). The notes section of Berkhofer's book summarizes a substantial body of earlier scholarship. In addition, Richard Drinnon's Facing West: The Metaphysics ofIndian Hating and Empire Building and James Clifford's The Predicament of Culture are perceptive views. Drinnon's text is divided into "Maypoles and Pequots," "Founding Fathers and Merciless Savages," "Philanthropists and Indian-Haters," "Civilizers and Conquerors," and "Children of Light," which brings his discussion up through the Vietnam era. Clifford's text is divided into "Discourses," "Displacements ," "Collections," and "Histories," an enlightening look at the Mashpee trial, wherein the Mashpee sued to establish their Indian identity in court. 8. Lincoln, Native American Renaissance, 10. 9. Wiget, Native American Literature (1985), 121; Ruoff, American Indian Literatures (1990)' 10. Lincoln, Native American Renaissance, ix. 11. Warrior, Tribal Secrets (1995), xvi. 12. Lincoln, Native American Renaissance, 11. 13. Owens, Other Destinies, 5. 4. Lincoln, lndi'n Humor, 10. 15. Forbes, "Colonialism," Wicazo Sa Review 3 (1987): 19; Krupat, The Voice in the Margin: Native American Literature and the Canon (1989), 207. 16. Geiogamah, Foghorn, Native American Literature: A Brie{Introduction and Anthology, ed. Gerald Vizenor (1995), 349. NOTES 17. Clifton, Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies ofNorth American Frontiers (1989),22. 18. Berkhofer, The White Mans Indian, xvi. 19. Proposed Rules, Federal Register 56, no. 181 (September 18, 1991). 20. In "Race," Writing, andDifference, ed. Henry Louis Gates Jr. (1986), 384,40 5. Zl. Clifton, Being and Becoming Indian, 17. 22. Ibid., 9. 23. Harjo, "The Story of All Our Survival," in Survival This Way, ed. Joseph Bruchac (1987), 5, 6. 24. Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth·Century Ethnog· raphy, Literature, and Art (19B8), 8. 25. McMurtry, Lonesome Dove (1985),935. 26. Clearman-Blew, leHer to the author, May 15, 1992. American Indians, Authenticity, and the Future I. Anonymous remarks proffered as "Reader's Comments" to a refereed academic journal that shall also remain nameless. 2. Arnold Krupat, "Scholarship and Native American Studies: A Response to Daniel LiHlefield, Jr.," American Studies 34:2 (1993): 81-100. 3. Deloria, Custer Diedfor Your Sins (1988), 215. 4. LiHlefield, "American Indians," American Studies 33:2 (1992): 95112 . I have selected only portions from this article and strongly suggest a full reading. 5. Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, "American Indian Intellectualism and the New Indian Story," American Indian Quarterly 20:1 (winter 1996): 57-76. 6. Krupat, The Tum to the Native, 42. 7· Ibid., 43· 8. Vizenor, The Heirs ofColumbus (1991), 16. 9. Krupat, The Tum to the Native, 83. 10. Ibid., 80, 81. 11. Trilling, Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning (1978), 178; Trilling, The Last Decade: Essays and Reviews, 1<]65-1975, ed. Diana Trilling (1977), 146-47. 12. Trilling, The Last Decade, 123. 13. Diana Trilling, ed., Speaking ofLiterature and Society, Uniform Edi.tion (1980), 120-21. NOTES 4. Boyarin, Storm from Paradise: The Politics oflewi8h Memory, 10. IS. Stannard, American Holocaust (1992), x. 16. Dobyns, Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Papulation Dynamics in Eastern North America (1<}83), 42, 342-43. 17. Stannard, American Holocaust, xi. 18. From the testimony ofMaj. ScottJ. Anthony, FirstColorado Cavalry, before United States Congress, House ofRepresentatives: "Massacre ofCheyenne Indians," in Report on the Conduct ofthe War, 38th Cong., 2nd Sess., 186S,2q. 19. Linton, "The 'Person' in Postmodern Fiction," SAlL 5:3 (fall 1993): 3-11• 20. Goldberg, Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader (1994), 26. 21. Moyes, "Into the Fray: Literary Studies at the Juncture of FeministI Fiction Theory," in Canada: Theoretical DiscourselDiscours theoriques, ed. Terry Goldie, Carmen Lambert, and Rowland Lorimer (1994),309. 22. Emberley, Thresholds ofDifference (1993), S. 23. Goldberg, Multiculturalism, 26. 24· Williamson, Sounding Differences (1993), 290· 25. Silko, Ceremony (1977), 2. Vine Deloria Jr. Reconstructing the Logic ofBelief 1. Warrior, Tribal Secrets (1994),61-62. 2. Magnus, "Postmodern Pragmatism: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Derrida, and Rorty," in Pragmatism: From Progressivism to Postmodernism, ed. Robert Hollinger and David Depew (1995), 278. 3. Gunn, "Pragmatism, Democracy, and the Imagination," in ibid., 308. 4· Ibid., 309· 5. Deloria, God Is Red (1994), 178. 6. Acentral consideration ofpostapocalypse theory is that American Indians have already lived through an "end ofthe world" and are thus more free to work toward unification ofthe past and future with the present. 7. Deloria, God Is Red, 8S· 8. John Dewey, "Thought and Its Subject-Matter," in Studies in Logical Theory. University of Chicago Decennial Publications, 2nd ser., vol. 11 {190 3),8. 9. Deloria, God Is Red, 215. 160 NOTES 10. Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins (1~8), 8+ ll. Deloria, God Is Red, 65, 7312 . Ibid., 66. 13. Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins, :uS. 14. Scott L. Pratt, unpublished lecture, University ofOregon, 1977. Constituting and Preserving Selfthrough Writing 1. Gusdorf, "Conditions and Limits of Autobiography," in Autobiography : Essays Theoretical and Critical, ed. James Olney (1~8), 45. 2. Bush, "The Personal Statement of Barney Bush," in I Tell You Now: Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers, ed. Brian Swann and Arnold Krupat (1~7), 22l. 3. Simpson, "Soldier's Heart," Hudson Review (winter 1997): 550. 4. Silko, "Language and Literature from a Pueblo Indian Perspective," in Literature: Opening Up the Canon, ed. Fiedler and Baker, (1981), 60. 5. Warrior, Tribal Secrets: Vine Deloria, Ir., John loseph Mathews, and the Recovery ofAmerican Indian Intellectual Traditions (1993), 183. 6. Gilman, "What Should Scholarly Publication in the Humanities Be?" MLA Newsletter (fall 1995}; 47 . Arnold Krupat, in "Native American Autobiography and the Synecdochic Self," discusses the metaphorical conception of self as well as metonymyand synecdoche as relations ofpart-ta-part and part-ta-whole. Where the self as the object ofconscious and developed concern is de-emphasized, concern about the unreliable narrator is lessened as well. Louise Erdrich Protecting and Celebrating Culture 1. Allen, The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions (1986), 262, 172. 2. Warrior, Tribal Secrets: Vine Deloria, lr., fohn loseph Mathews, and the Recovery ofAmerican Indian Intellectual Traditions (1993),181. 3· Janet McCloud, "Open Letter," 329· 4. Erdrich, "Where I Ought to Be: AWriter's Sense of Place," New York Times Book Review (July 28, 1~5). 5- Allen, Sacred Hoop, 79· NOTES 6. Klein, "The Political-Economy of Gender: A Nineteenth-Century Plains Indian Case Study," in The Hidden Half; Studies of Plains Indian Women, ed. Patricia Albers and Beatrice Medicine (1983), 150-51. 7. Ibid., 220. 8. Rabinow, "Representations Are Social Facts: Modernity and PostModernity in Anthropology," in Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, ed. James Clifford and George Marcus (19B6). 9. Silko, "Pueblo Indian Perspective," in English Literature: Selected Papers from the English Institute, 1979, ed. Leslie Fiedler and Houston Baker (1981),56-57. 10. Geertz, "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight," in The Interpretation ofCultures: Selected Essays by Clifford Geertz (1973),453. 11. A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff, American Indian Literatures: An Introduction , Bibliographic Review, and Selected Bibliography (1990), 85. 12. Jaimes, "American Indian Studies: Toward an Indigenous Model," American Indian Culture and Research Tournai 11: 3 (1987): 1-16. Jaimes's work foregrounds that of Cornel West, who, in his widely publicized book Race Matters, exhorts academics to remain connected to their communities oforigin after achieving a place in the academy. 13. Marvin Magalener, "Of Cars, Time, and the River," in American Women Writing Hction: Memory. Identity, Family Space, ed. Mickey Pearlman (19B9), 96. I feel strongly that the suggestion of prostitution is not supported by the book, seems moralistic and perhaps racist, and is simply not appropriate. 14. McKenzie, "Lipsha's Good Road Home." American Indian Culture and Research Tournai 10: 3 (19B6): 53-63; Erdrich. Love Medicine (1984), 3. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically. 15. Schneider, North Dakota Indians (1986). 91. 16. Robert P. Wilkins and Winona H. Wilkins, North Dakota: AHistory (1977),31. 17. Maristuen-Rodakowski, "TheTurtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota: Its History as Depicted in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine and Beet Queen," American Indian Culture and Research loumal 12: 3(1<)88): 40. 18. Welch, Winter in the Blood (1974), 5. 19. Hartmann, "The Significance ofthe Pipe" (master's thesis, Montana State University, 1955), 8. zo. Rainwater, "Reading between Worlds," American Literature 6z (September 1990): 405-6. NOTES 21. Devereaux, Mohave Ethnopsychiatry (1<)6<), 130. 22. Unrau, Mixed-Bloods and Tribal Dissolution (1~), 135. 23. Erdrich, Tracks (1<}88), 4. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically . 24. Welch, Winter in the Blood, 40· 25· Rainwater, "Reading between Worlds," 409. 26. Castillo, "Postmodemism, Native American Literature and the Real: The Silko-Erdrich Controversy," Massachusetts Review 32:2 (1991): 288. 27· Ibid., 292-93. 28. Ibid., 294. 29. Warrior, Tribal Secrets, 85. 'ames Welch's Indian Lawyer 1. Owens, Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel (1992),92• 2. Beidler, "A Symposium Issue on James Welch's Winter in the Blood," American Indian Quarterly 4:1 (1978): 95. 3. For other kinds ofdiscussions associated with Winter in the Blood, see Elaine Jahner, "Quick Paces and a Space of Mind," Denver Quarterly 14:4 (1~): 34-47; and William Thackeray, "Crying for Pity in Winter in the Blood," MELUS 7:1 (spring 1980); 61-78. 4- Bevis, "Dialogue with James Welch," Northwest Review 20:2-3 (1<}82): 168, 1~. 5. Krupat, "Native American Autobiography," American Autobiography: Retrospect and Prospect (1991), 178. 6. See Bevis, "Dialogue with James Welch," 166-67. 7. Welch, Winter in the Blood (1974), 1. Subsequent references will be cited parenth.etically. 8. Welch, The Death ofJim Loney (1979), 3. 127, 167. 9. Welch, Fools Crow (1<}86), 81. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically. 10. For the historical contextofsuch stories, see Roy Harvey Pearce, The Savages ofAmerica: A Study ofthe Indian and the Idea ofCivilization (Baltimore : Johns Hopkins, 1¢5); Richard Slotkin, Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1973); and Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The NOTES Metaphysics ofIndian-Hating and Empire-Building (New York: New American Library, 1<}Bo). 11. Owens, Other Destinies, 312 . Welch, The Indian Lawyer (1990),249. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically. Riesman, The Lonely Crowd (1950). Riesman's concepts have been around long enough to be considered almost common knowledge. They are still valid, however, and I include the citation for those interested in more-thorough discussion. 13. McFee, "The 150% Man," American Anthropologist 70:6 (1¢8): lo¢-u03; McFee's Modem Blackfeet (1972) was reprinted in 1991. and continues to accurately reflect groupings of which [ am aware at Fort Belknap, where I am from, as wen as at the Blackfeet reservation. 4- Velie, "American Indian Literature in the Nineties: The Emergence of the Middle-Class Protagonist," World Literature Today 66:1. (1992): 265. 15. Bevis, "Dialogue with James Welch," l~, 172. 16. Velie, "American Indian Literature in the Nineties," 2~. 17. Gish, "New Warrior, New West," American Indian Quarterly 15:3 (1991): 372• 18. Smith, "Shadow ofa Nation," Sports Illustrated (February 18, 1991): 64, 65· 19. Kroeber, Retelling/Rereading; The Fate of Storytelling in Modem Times (1990), 78,79. 20. Ibid., 62. 21. Posner, Law and Literature; A Misunderstood Relation (1~8), 284, 285-86. 22. Ibid., 161-62. 1.3- Jameson, The Prison-House ofLanguage (1972), 119. 24. Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography , Literature, andArt (u)88), 10. Pragmatism and American Indian Thought 1. Warrior, Tribal Secrets (1994), 61-62. 2. Dewey, "Thought and Its Subiect-Matter," in Studies in Logical Theory , University of Chicago Decennial Publications, 1.nd ser., voln (1903), 8. 3. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks (1972), 2334 . Lincoln, Native American Renaissance (1~3), B9- NOTES 5. Pratt, "The Influence ofthe Iroquois on Early American Philosophy" (199<»,28. 6. Gourevitch, "Letter from Rwanda: After the Genocide," New Yorker (December 18, 1995): 87· 7. Gunn, "Pragmatism, Democracy, and the Imagination: Rethinking the Deweyan Legacy," in Pragmatism: From Progressivism to Postmociernism, ed. Robert Hollinger and David Depew (1995), 305. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically. 8. West, "Theory, Pragmatisms, and Politics," in ibid., 3239 . Remnick, "The War for the Kremlin;' New Yorker (July 22, 199<»: 43. 10. MacKenzie, "Pragmatism, Rhetoric, and History," PoeticsToday 16:2 (summer 1995): 284. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically. Stevens, Opus Posthumous, ed. Milton J. Bates (1988). 11. Rorty, Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (1~), 7. 12. A. L. Kroeber, "Gros Ventre Myths and Tales," in Anthropological Papers ofthe American Museum ofNatural History, ed. Clark Wissler (1908), 59-61; Flannery, The Gms Venires ofMontana (1953). 13. Converse, Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois, ed. Arthur C. Parker (19Q8), 3-2-34. 14- Parker, "The Code ofHandsome Lake," in Parkeron the Iroquois, ed. William N. Fenton (1¢8), 17. 15. Noyes, In the Land ofChinook: The Story ofBlaine County (1917), 9-10. 16. Schubnell, N. Scott Momaday: The Cultural and Literary Background (1985), 97. 17. Owens, Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel (1992), 105. 18. Silko, Ceremony (19n), 120. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically. 19. Silko, "Here's an Odd Artifact for the Fairy-Tale Shelf," review of The Beet Queen, by Louise Erdrich, Studies in American Indian Literature 10 (1986): 179· zo. Castillo, "Postmodemism, Native American Literatureand the Real: The Silko-Erdrich Controversy," Massachusetts Review J2:2 (1991): 285. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically. 21. Forbes, "Colonialism and Native American Literature: Analysis," Wicazo Sa Review 3(19B7): 17-23. 22. Warrior, Tribal Secrets, ~. NOTES Conclusion 1. Boyarin, Storm from Paradise: The Politics oflewish Memory (1992). 90. Subsequent references will be cited parenthetically. 2. Stannard, American Holocaust (1992), x. 3. Deloria, God Is Red (1994), 1-2. 4. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon (1980), 81. 166 ...