INDEX 289 actor networks, 24, 237 advocacy coalitions, 13 Africa, 19–21, 150, 162, 208 agriculture: chemical-free, 171, 185– 86, 188–90, 198; and environmental degradation, 206; mismanagement of, 8. See also farmers agrochemicals: backlash against, 181– 85; early use of, 172–73; health affected by, 195–97, 199–200; impact on water quality, 190–92; marketing of, 173; narratives of upland use of, 170–71, 189–90, 195, 197; participatory monitoring for, 191; posters opposing, 186– 88; and soil degradation, 192–95. See also fertilizer; pesticides agrodiversity, 221. See also biodiversity agroforestry land mosaics, 244 Akha: Guardians of the Forest (Goodman ), 84 Akha (people): biodiversity and, 216– 17; deportation of, 48; diversion ditches, 167; and erosion, 157; as exotic, 59; images in environmental narratives, 84 albedo, 105 Alford, D., 107–8, 148, 251n10 all-slopes topography, 155 alternative medicines, 188 Amazonia, 104 ammonium sulphate, 178 amphetamines, 183 Anak Pattanavibool, 206–7 Angkor, 141 animism, 65 anthropologists, 6 antimalarial campaigns, 191, 196 Apinyaa Tanthawiwong, 95 Assembly of the Poor, 51 Assessment of Sustainable Highland Agricultural Systems (Kanok et al.), 133 assimilation, 81 authoritarian protectionism, 208 Bangkok Post, 51, 74, 93, 144, 171 beans, 158 Benchaphun Shinawatra, 178, 190 Benjavam Rerkasem, 178, 190 Bhisatej Rajani, 251n8 Bhumipol Aduladej, King of Thailand, 51, 186, 243 Bhumipol Dam, 7, 31 biodiversity: agrodiversity as, 221; assessing functions of, 218–19; case for protection of, 204–9; commercialization and, 219–23; and community management, 209–17; environmental narratives of, 202– 3, 223–24; environmental significance of, 7; debate on, 217–18; forest fragmentation and, 206; and land use, 25; level of, in Thailand, 201; monocropping and, 219– 23; reduction in, 3; uncertainty in assessment of, 202–3, 218–19, 223 Blaikie, P., 149 Borneo, 150 Brazil, 155 Brookfield, H., 149 Bruijnzeel, L. A., 105–6, 110, 112, 115, 147, 162 Bruner, A. G., 208–9 Buak Jan, 179–81 Buddhism, 65 buffer zones, 207 bureaucratic reform, 246 Buri Ram province, 249n17 Burma: conquest of northern Thailand , 65; and erosion, 142; ethnic conflict in, 6; opium production, 78; refugees from, 199–200 cabbage: Chom Thong dispute role of, 96; in wildlife sanctuaries, 207; crop substitution with, 134, 143; dry-season cultivation of, 133, 176; growing schedule, 176–77; grown by Karen in Mae Hong Son province, 175–79; soil quality and, 158–59, 193; as “worse than opium,” 144 cabbage mountains, 81, 235 Cambodia, 141 cash crops, 79, 81 catchments. See watersheds cattle trading, 122–23 Central Intelligence Agency (cia), 6 cerrado, 104 cesium-137 technique, 153–54, 253n5 Chaem River, 35–36, 118, 131 Chaiwat Roongruangsee, 178, 190 Chamnonk Pransutjarit, 163 chao khao, 59. See also upland people Chao Phraya: catchment of, 31, 248n2; deforestation’s effect on flows of, 94, 108; North as headwaters of, 7 Chapman, E. C., 62 Charat Mongkolsawat, 109, 112–13 Chareonsuk, S., 146 Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, Gen., 16 chemical pollution, 25 Chiang Dao district, 160–61 Chiang Dao Wildlife Protection Area, 213 Chiang Kham district, 172–73 Chiang Mai city, 31, 35fig Chiang Mai province: biodiversity, 204–5, 220; Chom Thong dispute, 67, 96–99; crop diversification by Hmong in, 179–81; erosion, 160– 61; farmers’ rights rally in, 50; forest cover, 39, 94, 105; hill tribe population, 61; Hmong population, 76; illegal encroachment, 50; Karen agriculture, 213; Karen attacks on Hmong in, 184–85; participatory land-use planning, 245; pesticide use, 170; rainfall interception rates, 106; resettlement actions, 47, 49; roads and erosion, 163; streamflow, 105; villages in forest reserves, 45; watershed classification, 42. See also Mae Chaem district Chiang Mai University, 51 Chiang Rai province: biodiversity, 216; Chinese Nationalist forces in, 5; deportation of villagers, 48; ero290 Index [18.232.88.17] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 14:42 GMT) sion, 152–60; forest cover, 39, 94; hill tribe population, 61; Hmong population, 76; road building, 162; soil quality, 194 China, 189, 193 Chinese Nationalists, 5 cholinesterase inhibition, 196 Chom Thong Conservation Group, 82 Chom Thong dispute: commercial agriculture, 138; Hmong negative portrayal in, 208; international views of, 237; khon muang seen as victim in, 67; organizing against Hmong, 96–98; pesticide use, 182– 83; popular narratives used in, 114; rainfall levels, 100; Thai nationalism and, 99; water demand as factor in, 134, 148 Chomitz, K. M., 165 Chulalongkorn, King, 40 Chusak Wittayapak, 95 Classen, H. G., 195–96 climate: elevation’s effect on, 24; seasonal rainfall, 32, 34; streamflow as seasonal, 34–35, 108–13; volatility in, 35...