Cottonwood and the River of Time: On Trees, Evolution, and Society

Index

A Abies alba (silver fir), 124 abu hureyra site (Syria), 152–55 Acer palmatum (Japanese maples), 231–32 Achillea borealis, 89–90 Achillea lanulosa, 90–92, 91, 253n10(ch10) Achillea millefolium complex, 89–90 adaptation: of aspen leaves, 44; climate warming and, 135–38; to climatic conditions, 86, 126–29, 129; cues and responses, 133; limits of, 133–35; provenance test and, 130–33, 136–37; regeneration and, 18–19; stomatal density, 101– 2; trees and, ix; to water regime fluctuations, 27–30. See also phenotypic plasticity; selection; variation and diversity ager, alan, 112 agriculture, development of. See domestication and early agriculture Agrobacterium, 205 Aigeiros poplars, 46, 77 alaska, 70 alberta, 71, 143–46 alleles: rare, 107; recessive, 56, 134 allozyme analysis: overview, 104–5; comparison among plant groups, 110–11; limitations of, 113–14; lodgepole pine study, 105–10, 106; other conifers, 110; usefulness of, 110 almond culture, 162–63 Alnus rubra (red alder), 30, 37–38 amino acids, 200–201 anderson, edgar, 74, 251n5(ch9) apical control, 231 apical dominance, 228 apical meristems, 228, 230 Arabidopsis, 56, 200, 202–3 archeological research, 152–55, 163–64 armenia, 76 asexual reproduction and clones (vegetative propagation): age of genets, 36–37, 45; aspens and, 44–50; clumps, clonal, 33–36; genetic engineering and, 206–7; index note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables; those followed by “n” indicate endnotes. 289 290 index genetic polymorphism and, 50–51; nitrogen-fixing symbionts and, 31; pests and, 183–84; phenotypic plasticity and, 33; as process, 9; river dispersal and cladoptosis, 35; by sterile hybrids, 70; sucker growth vs. seedlings, 51; trait distinctiveness, 48–50; urban trees and, 236 aspen (Populus tremuloides): adaptations of, 44; clonal habit and traits of, 48–50; distribution of, 51; as food source, 45, 47–48; genets, 44–45; provenance tests, 99; reproductive isolating mechanisms , 63–66; sexual reproduction in, 52–53 aspen, european (Populus tremula), 43–44, 73 association for tropical Biology and Conservation, 150 association genetics, 213 ausubel, Jesse, 207, 217 avise, John C., 121 axillary meristems, 228, 230 B Balog, James, 235 balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera ), 70–71 Baltic region, 95 beavers, 35, 47 beech, 119, 172 beetles, chrysomelid, 78–79 biodiversity, 144, 218, 220, 222 biofuels, 186 biological species concept, 63, 75 bisexuality, 6, 58–59, 113 black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa ): overview, 6; dna sequencing , 201; dunlap study, 100–103; as ecosystem, 8–9; hybrids , 70, 71–72, 191–96; irradiated pollen, 57, 64–65; reciprocal hybridization, 66; reproductive isolating mechanisms, 63–66; uses by native peoples, 7. See also cottonwoods (overview); specific topics black poplar (Populus nigra): archaeological evidence of, 164; columnar variants and human influence, 164–65, 168, 170; hybrids , 73, 178; lombardy poplar (P. nigra ‘italica’), 73–74, 168; P. nigra ‘Thevestina,’ 168 Black Sea, 158–59 Blavan, fougeroux de, 95 Boardman and Sand lake tree farms, oregon, 181–84, 186 Boveri, Theodor, 189 Bradshaw, toby, 213 branches: apical control, 231; epicormic , 29–30; lopping, 165–66; sylleptic, 196 British Columbia forest Service, 97–98 Brown, James h., 24, 248n7(ch3) Brubaker, linda B., 150 buds. See regeneration C cambium, vascular, 228–29 carbon sequestration, 186 Carnegie institution, 86, 89, 92 Carroll, lewis, 54 Castanea sativa (european chestnut ), 171–72 index 291 catkins: bisexual, 59; in hybrids, 71; maturation, 58; sexual reproduction and, 52–53, 54, 58; shedding of, 54 Cavour, Camillo Benso di, 177–78 Ceccarelli, leah, 251n9 cellulosic ethanol plants, 186 channel migration, 14–15, 16 chestnut, european (Castanea sativa), 171–72 China, 169, 207–8 Chinese aspen (Populus adenopoda ), 73 chromosome recombination, 53, 55–56, 68 chrysomelid beetles, 78–79 city trees, 235–37 cladoptosis, 35 Clausen, Jens, 86–93 clearwing poplar moth, 184 climate science, 127–28 climate warming, 135–38, 186 climatic conditions: commongarden experiment on, 87–92; as ecological change agent, 127; fluctuation patterns, 126–29, 129; intraspecific adaptations to, 86; moisture and temperature regime, 99–100, 128–29; timing of growth period, 99; in Younger dryas period, 154 climatic (ecological) races, 90, 91–92 clines, 92 clones. See asexual reproduction and clones (vegetative propagation ) cold tolerance, 131–32 Collins, francis, 199–200 Columbia River, 184–85 columnar poplars, 164–70, 168 common-garden experiments, 87– 92, 100–103, 240–41 communities, artificial, 240–41 community coherence and migration , 118 competition: columnar form and, 167; in cottonwood stands, 23–25; lodgepole pines and, 23–24; pioneer species and, 18, 24; in...