The Interweaving of Rituals: Funerals in the Cultural Exchange between China and Europe

Index

315 Index Absolution, 26–27, 31, 33, 82, 240n87 Accommodation/adaptation, 4, 20–23, 26, 40, 48, 77, 84, 128, 137, 149, 151, 162, 169, 172, 196, 201, 208, 228 to Chinese funerary traditions, 30, 81, 82, 99–108, 117–18, 127, 136 as method, 7, 133, 136, 165 Aix de La Chaize, François d’, 185 Aleni, Giulio on European and Chinese funerals, 48–49, 54–58, 64–65, 98, 101, 130, 173 in Fujian, 94–96, 99, 100–102, 105, 174 Almeida, António de, 82, 86 Almeida, José Bernardo de, 277n71 Analytical frameworks, 207–14 interaction and communication, 5, 212–22, 228 invention, 210–14 reception, 209–12, 214 transmission, 207–10, 212, 214 Ancestral tablet. See Funerary tablet Animals in funeral processions, 43, 66, 75, 135, 263n59 Ariès, Philippe, 30 Associations, 110–15. See also Community in China, 22, 111 Chinese Christian, 109–17, 150–52, 161–62, 209, 221 in Europe, 27, 31, 64, 111 for funerals, 22, 93, 114, 267n46 rules for (“Renhui huigui”), 113 Augery, Humbert, 113 Augustine, 90 Baldaquin/canopy, 33, 43, 66, 87, 146, 193–94 Banquet at funerals, 18, 23, 66, 73, 103, 145, 154, 160, 204, 267n55 Bell, Catherine, 5 Benoist, Michel, 277n71 Bettray, Johannes, 87 Blaeu, Johan, 39 Book of Ceremonies (Yili), 10, 16, 236n5 Book of Rites (Liji), 10, 16, 148, 170, 236n5 Book of the Warning Bell (Duoshu), 96, 173 Bort, Balthasar, 37 Bouvet, Joachim, 271n52 Bowing/genuflections/kowtowing/ prostrating, 34, 42, 45, 74–75, 84, 87, 106, 117, 130, 137, 166–68, 221, 226–27, 265n31 in Chinese Christian funerals, 100– 101, 133, 143–44, 146, 151–56, 164, 168, 183, 227 Brancati, Francesco, 112, 259n18 Brokaw, Cynthia, 18 Brook, Timothy, 15, 21 index 316 Brossard, Léonard de, 277n71 Buddhist funerals, 15–16, 25, 35–36, 104, 148, 226 criticized by Confucian scholars, 19–20, 94, 97 criticized by missionaries, 89–91 missionaries’ description of, 74, 78, 82, 89–90 rejected by Chinese Christians, 94, 97–98, 103–5, 116, 149, 229 rejected by Confucian scholars, 16, 97, 226 substituted with Catholic rituals, 91, 130, 137, 221 Buddhist monks, 15, 19, 53, 74, 90, 93– 97, 102, 104, 116, 127, 134, 148, 151, 162, 221, 224, 226, 231–33 Buglio, Lodovico, 192–94, 270n30, 277n71 funeral of, 135, 175, 184, 187, 191–92, 196–99 portrait, 261n42 as translator, 106–9, 119, 150, 152, 207 Burial. See also Entombment location, 14, 19, 23, 46, 49, 65, 82, 86, 94, 98, 103, 121, 123, 127, 161, 187–90, 221 masters, 19, 97–98, 102 secondary, 14 time of, 13, 20–21, 23, 33, 43, 66, 71, 80, 82–83, 152, 154, 161 Burning objects at funerals, 47, 175– 76, 179, 247n100. See also Paper money; Paper replicas Calendar, 110, 191, 198, 203 and rituals, 5, 162 Camels. See Animals in funeral processions Calendar Case, 118, 184, 190 Candles at funerals, 13, 27, 42, 45, 84, 87, 91, 98, 123, 127–30, 133, 135, 142, 144, 147, 154, 166–68, 248n118 in processions, 27, 64–65, 87, 103, 117, 121, 146, 193, 195, 200, 267n52 Canopy. See Baldaquin Canton Conference, 118–22, 134–36, 138, 150, 165, 169, 174, 205, 218, 259n12 exile, 106, 118–23, 127, 133, 135–36, 140, 152, 184 funeral practices in, 14, 153, 265n32 “Ritual Sequence” produced in, 148, 265n17 Castiglione, Giuseppe, 277n71 Catafalque, 13, 33, 84, 117 Cattaneo, Lazzaro, 85, 254n93 Cemeteries, 24, 26–27, 51, 87, 121, 136, 189, 260n20. See also Tombs Cerqueira, Luís, 29, 106–8 Chalier, Valentin, 277n71 Chen Jiru, 93 Chen Que, 20–21 Chiesa, Bernardino della, 262n58 Chinese Christian funerals gradual embedding, 81–91, 94–95, 98, 103, 110, 115, 118, 216, 220, 223, 227 Chinese funerals, 10–25 developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 17–25 prescriptive texts for, 11–14, 34, 93 proto-ethnographic descriptions of, 39–45, 242n14 variation in, 14–17, 45–47, 99, 102, 116, 149, 217, 237n14 Chinese Rites Controversy, 4, 6, 47, 105, 119, 164–65, 169, 185, 204, 211 Chow Kai-wing, 22, 24, 138 index 317 Christian funerals in Japan, 249n1 Christopher (Xu Fuyuan), 274n27 Cisheng, Empress Dowager (Lishi), 70 Clericalization, 31, 225, 232–33 Coffins, 54–57. See also Encoffining in Chinese funerals, 11, 13–14, 19–21, 23, 49, 56, 67, 86, 128, 134, 150, 195 differences between Chinese and European, 56, 78, 80, 128, 161 in European...