Affect and Artificial Intelligence

Index

177 Index A A. M. Turing Award, 34 Abelson, Robert, 61 Abraham, Nicolas, 27–28 Affect, Imagery, Consciousness (Tompkins), 24, 66, 142 Affect(s): and affectlessness, viii, 28, 30, 120, 128; as analogic, 117; cognition and, 23–24; and diminished states of, 13–16; drives and, 59, 66–67, 73–78, 120, 122, 123; inhibition of, 109, 111, 120, 121, 128, 131–32; as motivators, 67, 122. See also anger; contempt; distress; enjoyment; excitement; fear; interest ; shame AI, contemporary, viii, 4–8, 10, 35, 119, 148; HCI and, 146–47; at MIT, 51, 53, 66, 69–71, 82; Suchman and, 137. See also Cog; Kimset American Psychiatric Association, 102 anger, 22, 66, 67, 77, 122, 149; as basic affect, 23, 51, 57, 58, 76, 79, 142–43; Kasparov and, 11, 16; Kismet and, 53, 73; Turing and, 19, 21 archives, viii–xiii, 10, 79, 111, 139, 155, 159 artificial intelligence. See AI Ashby, W. Ross, 9, 32, 39 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 34–35, 96, 102, 154 attribution, psychological, 89, 106–7 Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), 32–36, 139, 144 autonomous artificial agents, 49, 52, 70, 74, 146, 147. See also Kismet Aycock, Alan, 14 B Babbage, Charles, 48, 142 BBC Radio, 44, 143 Beck, Aaron, 145 behaviorism, 19, 116, 143, 145; cognitive psychology and, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67 Bettelheim, Bruno, 29, 30. See also Joey, case history biographical data, x, 21, 42, 46, 111, 135, 155 biology and computation, 63, 66 Bletchley Park, 37–39, 140 Blum, Manuel, 113, 120, 125, 159, 163–64 brain, human, 26, 63, 95, 105, 109, 112–21; Turing and, 32, 33, 34, 40–41, 46, 53, 55. See also McCulloch-Pitts neuron brain, mechanical or electronic, 3, 21, 111, 130, 146, 150; Turing and, 32–33, 35, 47, 48, 53 Breazeal, Cynthia, 4, 53–55, 69–82, 95, 147, 149. See also Kismet Brewster, Edwin, 40–41 Brooks, Rodney, 4, 51–52, 70–71, 147 C Cañamero, Lola, 149 Carnap, Rudolph, 125, 126, 155 Cartwright, Lisa, 104–6 178 Index chess, viii, 3–18, 21, 22, 53, 91; affect and, 7–22; child and, 3, 5, 9, 22; computer, 3, 14–18, 135 (see also Deep Blue; IBM); in history of AI, 3, 9; as an isolatable talent, 8, 16; tournaments, 7–15, 137; Turing and, 17–120, 135. See also Kasparov, Garry chiasmus, 21–25, 30 child, 21, 22, 28, 53, 104–7, 132, 143; affects and, 52–56, 76, 81; Brooks’s childhood, 51–52; chess and, 3, 4, 9, 29–31; Kismet child robot, 53–56, 72; machine as, 48, 49, 52–56, 68, 134; mother and, 54–55; Pitts as, 110, 124 childishness, 52–57; and Turing, 35, 40–43, 46, 48, 49 Clark, Andy, viii, 4, 6, 26, 146 Cog, 70–71 cognition, xi, 4, 6, 20, 54–57, 69; affects and, viii, 21–24, 59, 61, 65–67, 138; biology and, 63 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), 102–3, 145 cognitive dissonance, 61–62 cognitive processing, 23, 26, 62–63, 70, 74 Cogitive Psychology (Neisser), 62–64 cognitivism, 5, 23, 61–63, 77, 86 Colby, Kenneth Mark, 59–60, 85, 96–106, 144, 148; and PARRY and ELIZA programs , 151–54; psychoanalysis and, 59–60, 99–100; and Turing test, 101–6; Weizenbaum and, 96–101 computer simulation of personality, 58–61 contempt, ix, 22, 57, 58, 68, 81, 83; as basic affect, 79, 122, 142, 149; Pitts and, 111, 119–20 Copeland, Jack, 6, 7, 20, 33, 36 Corbató, Fernando. See Fano, Robert Countess Lovelace, 47, 48, 142 curiosity, ix, xi, 6, 119, 128, 132; in Turing , 19, 35, 38, 39 Curtain, Tyler, 141 cybernetic fold, 46, 47, 145. See also Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, and Adam Frank cybernetics, viii, 40, 46, 69, 82, 84; affects and, 24; Pitts and, 110–19, 122, 124–25, 130–31; psychoanalysis and, 59, 60; Tomkins and, 24. See also Macy Conferences D Damasio, Antonio, vii, viii Darwin, Charles, 33, 80, 95 Dautenhahn, Kerstin, 147, 153 Deep Blue, viii, 7, 10–16, 48, 50 Deleuze, Giles, 8 Dennett, Daniel, 8, 141, 142 depression, 83, 103, 145, 152; Pitts and, 120–21, 131 Derrida, Jacques, 138 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 154 digital and analog, 64, 91, 108, 115–17, 130, 157; definition of, 156 distress, 19, 36, 51, 55, 67, 76; as basic affect, 79, 122, 142 Dobson, Kelly (Blendie), 146 Doyle, Richard, 145 dreams, 21, 40, 85, 137 drives, 27, 48, 59, 67; affects and, 59...