La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History

Chronology of Events, 1810-1910

Chronology of Events, 1810–1910 1810 This year marks the beginning The Kingdom of New Spain of the struggle for indepen- has a population of some dence led by Father Miguel six million people. Hidalgo. 1811 Hidalgo’s revolt is crushed and Alexander Von Humbolt’s he is executed. Map of New Spain is published in France. 1821– Independence is attained in The United States grants 1822 1821 by Generals Agustín de diplomatic recognition to Iturbide and Vicente Mexico in 1822. Guerrero. 1823 The Mexican Republic is The tricolor national flag, established. with an eagle perched on a nopal cactus, is authorized. 1831 Vicente Guerrero is tried, A national museum is estabconvicted of treason, and lished from the Conservatorio executed. de Antiguedades. 1849 Gold is discovered in Cali- A national library is founded. fornia, territory lost in the war with the United States in 1847–48. 1854– With the Ayutla revolt of A national anthem is approved 1855 1855, Santa Anna is ousted by the Congress in 1854. from power. 9 r 1856– In the period of the Reform The first national postage 1861 and the War of the Reform stamp, with an engraved between Liberals and Con- image of Father Hidalgo, is servatives, the Liberal Party issued. and Mexico itself are led by Benito Juárez. 1857 The liberal federal Constitution There are nearly eight million of 1857 gives the nation its first Mexicans according to the bill of rights. census. 1862– Louis Napoleon Bonaparte A monument is dedicated to 1867 sends the French army to the Morelos in 1865 in the New World, imposing the Plazuela de Guardiola in Austrian archduke Ferdinand Mexico City. Maximilian of Hapsburg as emperor of Mexico. 1862 On the fifth of May Repub- The Art Academy of San lican forces repel a French Carlos, founded in 1785, is assault on the city of Puebla. renamed by Maximilian the This victory later becomes a Imperial Academy. national holiday but at the time only delays the French occupation of Mexico by one year. 1867 President Benito Juárez Gabino Barreda’s Indepenreturns to Mexico City and is dence Day oration interprets reelected to a third term. Mexican history as a struggle between a negative spirit and a positivist spirit embodied by the liberal republican forces. 1872 President Juárez dies and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada becomes acting president. 10 la revolución 1876– Termed the Porfiriato, the age During the Porfiriato, Mexico 1911 of Porfirio Díaz sees the gen- builds its railroad system, eral elected to Mexico’s highest installs its telegraph and teleof fice seven times. phone systems, and solves the drainage problems of Mexico City. 1887 Mexico’s mining industry is Construction of a monument revived during the 1880s as a to Cuauhtémoc, located in the result of a new mining code, Paseo de la Reforma in Mexforeign investment, and mod- ico City, is initiated. ern machinery. 1900 The Flores Magón brothers Justo Sierra publishes the begin publication of Regenera- multivolume national history ción, a Mexico City weekly entitled, México: Her Social critical of Porfirismo. Evolution. 1904 The Mexican Liberal Party is Mexico’s first genuinely modformed by Ricardo Flores ern novel, Santa by Federico Magón. Gamboa, is published in 1902. 1906 Mexican workers at the Cana- To mark the centennial of the nea Copper Company go on birth of Benito Juárez, constrike and are violently sup- struction begins on a great pressed. The following year monument in his honor in workers at the Rio Blanco tex- Mexico City, the Hemiciclo tile mills also go on strike and de Juárez on Avenida Juárez. are gunned down by federal troops. 1909– Francisco I. Madero publishes In 1909, Andrés Molina En1910 in 1910 The Presidential Suc- ríquez publishes The Great cession, which calls for a peace- National Problems, a critical ful end of presidential analysis of Mexico’s agrarian dictatorship. crisis. Chronology of Events, 1810–1910 11 1910 Porfirio Díaz is reelected to In September, the Porfirian the presidency and Madero’s regime devotes great reanti -reelectionist campaign is sources to celebrate the censtopped by his arrest in the tennial of Independence, spring. When he is released, which includes the unveiling Madero calls for a national of the Monument to Indepenuprising for November 20, dence on the Paseo de la 1910. Reforma. 12...