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161 Notes Introduction 1. “Lebanon” was a loose term prior to the First World War, and only after the foundation of a state by that name did it become more specific. In studies on that country, “Lebanon ” is often used to denote the place corresponding to the modern state of Lebanon, even when earlier periods are considered. In the present study I have followed that practice throughout, rather than use slightly more accurate but far more cumbersome names. 2. For developments in printing, see Sabat, pp. 103–105, 287, 299, and Chapter 2 below . For the post-1908 beginnings of journalism in these provinces, see Ayalon, The Press, pp. 62– 69. 3. Palestine’s demographic figures until the end of the Ottoman era are notoriously confused and controversial. For some evaluations that seem sounder than others, see Gilbar , Megamot, pp. 4ff.; Schölch, chap. 2; see also Assaf, ha-Yahasim, pp. 121–143. 4. Here, too, there is much variation in data presented by different sources. See Rafeq, who quotes many assessments on Jerusalem’s population in the nineteenth century. Also Assaf, ha-Yahasim, pp. 126 –131; Ben Arieh, “Population,” pp. 50–53; Schölch, p. 38. 5. The 1922 population census showed that no town in Palestine had a population of 10,000 except for the three large cities, Haifa, Nablus, and Hebron. Mills, vol. 2, p. 16. 6. See the colorful description of public services in turn-of-the-century Jerusalem, in Yehoshua, Yerushalayim, pp. 65– 68. 7. Gilbar, “Growing Economic Involvement.” 8. Details in Muhafazah, pp. 19–26. 9. Gilbar, “Growing Economic Involvement.” 10. Gilbar, Megamot, pp. 10–12. Slightly different figures appear in Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, Statistical Abstract (1944 – 45), pp. 21–22. 11. Gilbar, Megamot, pp. 3–10. According to the first population census, conducted by the British in 1922, Palestine then had a population of c. 750,000, of which c. 590,000 (78%) were Muslims and c. 71,000 (9.5%) Christians; see Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, Statistical Abstract (1944 – 45), pp. 16 –17. The more comprehensive and accurate census of 1931 showed a total population of c. 1,035,000, including c. 760,000 (73%) Muslims and c. 91,000 (9%) Christians; see Mills, vol. 2, pp. 18–19. According to a census conducted in 1945, the country’s population had reached 1,810,000, among them c. 1,100,000 (c. 60%) Muslims and c. 139,000 (c. 8%) Christians; Government of Palestine , Department of Statistics, Statistical Abstract (1944 – 45), pp. 16 –17. For the decline in the death rates under the mandate, see pp. 26 –28. 12. Metzer and Kaplan, pp. 155–157. The average per capita growth of the Arab economic sector during these years was 3.6% annually. During the same period, the economy of Palestine’s Jewish sector grew by a striking 13.2% annually on average; the average per capita growth was 4.9% annually. There were, however, considerable fluctuations in growth rates during the period, in both sectors; see Metzer and Kaplan, pp. 167–170. 13. Metzer and Kaplan, pp. 159–160. The figures represent the share of employment in agriculture as part of the overall labor force during these years. In terms of production , agriculture in the Arab sector accounted for c. 42% of the total in 1922, declining to c. 39% in 1945. 14. Metzer and Kaplan, passim. 15. In 1925 there were 600 kilometers of paved roads in Palestine, increasing to 2,660 by 1945; Assaf, ha-Yahasim, p. 307, quoting a British source. 16. Najjar, pp. 58ff., quoting British documents; Filastin, 23 July 1921, p. 1; 1 October 1921, p. 1; al-Nafais al-Asriyyah, year 9, issue 4, August 1922, cover page. 17. An ad for oil lamps, said to be “more gentle and prettier” than either gas or electric lamps, appeared in Filastin, 14 April 1925, p. 5. Ads for “electric implements” for lighting houses and businesses (residential generators) appeared, e.g., in Filastin, 13 February 1923, p. 4; 1 January 1924, p. 4. Shops also sold record players (gramufunat) operated manually or by batteries; al-Nafa is al-Asriyyah, year 9, issue 4, August 1922, p. 111; Filastin, 20 April 1929, p. 7. See also Roaf, p. 399. 18. Al-Nafais al-Asriyyah, year 9, issue 4, August 1922, p. 111; Filastin, 4 January 1929, p. 3. 19. Al-Difa, 31 May 1934, pp. 6, 8; 1 June 1934...

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