The Black Death in Egypt and England: A Comparative Study

NOTES

NOTES CHAPTER 1 1. Taqi al-Din al-Maqrizi, Kitab al-suluk li-marifat duwal al-muluk (cited hereafter as Suluk), ed. Sa
id
Abd al-Fattah
Ashur (Cairo: 1957–1973), 2:776. 2. K. N. Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilization of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990), 100. For general studies of the plague in historical perspective, see John Norris, “East or West? The Geographic Origin of the Black Death,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 51 (1977): 1–24; Daniel Williman, ed., The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth-Century Plague (Binghamton, N.Y.: State Univ. of New York Press, 1982); Philip Ziegler, The Black Death (New York: John Day, 1969); Colin Platt, King Death: The Black Death and Its Aftermath in Late Medieval England (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1996); Mark Ormand and Phillip Lindley, eds., The Black Death in England (Stamford, UK: Paul Watkins , 1995); Rosemary Hor rox, ed. and trans., The Black Death (Manchester and New York: Manchester Univ. Press, 1994); Norman Cantor, In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made (New York: Free Press, 2001). 3. Cantor, Wake of the Plague, 25. 4. Ibid. 5. For the medical aspects of the plague, see Chester David Rail, Plague Ecotoxicology: Including Historical Aspects of the Disease in the Americas and the Eastern Hemisphere (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1985); Thomas Butler, Plague and Other Yersinia Infections (New York: Plenum, 1983); Graham Twigg, The Black Death: A Biological Reappraisal (London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 1984); Lawrence Conrad, “The Plague in the Early Medieval Near East” (PhD diss., Princeton University, 1981); K. L. Gage, “Plague,” in Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbiological Infections, ed. L. Colliers, A. Balows, M. Sussman, and W. J. Hausles, 3:885–903 (London: Edward Arnold Press, 1998); G. L. Campbell and D. T. Dennis, “Plague and Other Yersinia Infec135 tions,” in Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 14th ed., ed. D. L. Kasper et al. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998), 975–983. 6. M. Bahmanyar and D. C. Cavanaugh, Plague Manual (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1976), 46. 7. See Butler, Plague and Other Infections, 31. 8. Robert Perry and Jacqueline Fetherston, “Yersinia pestis: Etiologic Agent of Plague,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1997): 51. 9. Ibid., 53. 10. Conrad, “Plague in the Near East,” 31–35. 11. If the bubo bursts within a week, the victim will usually survive. 12. Ziegler, The Black Death, 27. 13. Butler, Plague and Other Infections, 82. 14. See Dols’s well-informed discussion of outbreaks between the plague of Justinian and the Black Death, The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1977), 27–35, 305–314. William Tucker has kindly provided me with an unpublished list of recurrent plague epidemics that haunted the Mediterranean and Arab world between the plague of Justinian and the Black Death. 15. Michael Dols, “Ibn al-Wardi’s Risalah al-Naba
An al-Waba,” as quoted in Don Nardo, ed., The Black Death (San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 1999), 42– 44. 16. al-Maqrizi, Suluk 2:772. 17. See Dols, “Ibn al-Wardi,” 49. 18. Nardo, The Black Death, 15. 19. J. Stewart, The Nestorian Missionary Enterprise: The Story of a Church on Fire (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1928), 209. See also Ziegler, The Black Death, 15. 20. Ziegler, The Black Death, 15. 21. See, for example, Cantor, Wake of the Plague, 11–16. His discussion of this hypothesis is based on the research of zoologist Graham Twigg and archeologist Edward Thompson. 22. That some historians still believe that overpopulation in Europe was an important factor in plague mortality, via a malnourished population, is a testament to the neglect of the plague’s widespread impact outside of Europe. Ziegler quotes previous historians who have held this view. He accepts a moderate view that balances an ecologically vulnerable population in Europe with the lethality of the Black Death (The Black Death, 19–23). 23. Al-Maqrizi states, “It killed enormous numbers of people in China, few people were left alive there, but it killed less people in India” (Suluk, 2:774). 24. Both David Herlihy and Rosemary Horrox suggest that the Black Death resulted from the appearance of a new, mutant strain of Y. pestis. See David Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West, ed. Samuel Cohn, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press...