Rethinking Urban Parks: Public Space and Cultural Diversity

List of Illustrations

Tables 3.1. Park-Related User Values in Prospect Park 51 3.2. Park Values in Prospect Park User Study Reclassified 52 3.3. Values and Census Group in Prospect Park User Study 53 4.1. Ellis Island Bridge Constituency Groups 72 4.2. Ellis Island: Methods, Data, Duration, Products, and What Can Be Learned 73 4.3. Value Orientations at Battery Park 82 4.4. Value Orientations at Liberty State Park 90 4.5. Neighborhood Value Orientations 96 4.6. Value Orientations: Comparison across Parks and Neighborhoods 98 5.1. Jacob Riis Park: Methods, Data, Duration, Products, and What Can Be Learned 107 7.1. Independence National Historical Park: Methods, Data, Duration, Products, and What Can Be Learned 154 7.2. Independence National Historical Park: Comparison of Cultural Groups by Content Analysis Categories 171 8.1. Qualitative Methodologies in Cultural Anthropology: Research Appropriateness 180 8.2. Constituency Analysis 181 8.3. Overview of Methods, Data, Products, and What Can Be Learned 192 Maps 3.1. Prospect Park 44 4.1 Liberty State Park and Proposed Bridge 70 5.1. Jacob Riis Park 106 6.1. Pelham Bay Park 128 7.1. Cultural Resources For African Americans 157 7.2. Cultural Resources For Asian Americans 161 7.3. Cultural Resources For Hispanic Americans 163 7.4. Cultural Resources For Italian Americans 166 7.5. Cultural Resources For Jewish Americans 168 Photos and Drawings 1.1. Shoeshine men in Parque Central in San José, Costa Rica 6 1.2. Pensioners in Parque Central in San José, Costa Rica 6 1.3. Vendors and religious practitioners in Parque Central 7 1.4. Redesigned Parque Central 7 List of Illustrations 2.1. Romantic detail—Cleftridge Span in Prospect Park 21 3.1. The Long Meadow in Prospect Park 46 3.2. Sunbathers at Prospect Park 49 3.3. Winter day, Prospect Park 49 3.4. The drummers’ grove in Prospect Park 56 4.1. Circle Line ferry from Battery Park to Ellis Island 75 4.2. Battery Park landscape with Castle Clinton in the background 76 4.3. Caricatures for sale, Battery Park 76 4.4. A meadow in the northern sector of Liberty State Park 84 5.1. Jacob Riis Park bathhouse, promenade , and beach 105 5.2. Picnickers at Jacob Riis Park 113 5.3. The Clock at Jacob Riis Park 113 5.4. Park visitor cooking in shade cast by concrete wall, Riis Park 118 6.1. Promenade at Orchard Beach 129 6.2. Pelham Bay from the Orchard Beach Promenade 135 6.3. Concessions area at Orchard Beach 135 6.4. Picnicking at Orchard Beach 139 6.5. Seniors at Orchard Beach 141 8.1. Ethnographers at work at Jacob Riis Park 176 VIII R ETHINK ING UR BAN PAR K S ...