Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology and Nation Building in Modern Iraq

INDEX

INDEX Page numbers in italic indicate photographs; PS indicates unnumbered photo section Aalto, Alvar, 213 Abadan, 98 Abbasid Caliphate, 5–6, 8, 80, 98–99, 107, 152, 202, 206; bridge of, 203 Abdullah, 106, 256nn44–45, 257n50 Abraham: Recent Discoveries and Hebrew Origins, 132–133 Abu Shahrein site, 88–90 Academy of Sciences (Göttingen), 46 Achaemenid period, 8 Adams, Robert, 215 Aflaq, Michel, 215 al-Ahali, 170–173, 272n18 Al-Ahd, 58 Ahmad Pasha, 99 al-Akhbar, 197 Akkadian period, 8–9, 49, 134, 214 al-Alam al-Arabi, 188–189 Alexander the Great, 64 Ali, 33 Allied efforts (WWI), 5 American Embassy in Baghdad, 161, 192 American expeditions: in Iraq, 135–137, 207, 237n135, 262n2, 265n37; in Mesopotamia, 50–52, 55, 57. See also individual institutions American Oriental Society (AOS), 50–51 American Resident in Baghdad, 192, 203 American School of Archaeology in Baghdad, 137, 158 American School of Oriental Research (ASOR), 136–137, 144, 148, 170 American University of Beirut, 170–171 Amorites, 130, 136 Amurath to Amurath, 61–62 Andrae, Walter, 66–67, 85–86, 138, 177 Anglo-French Declaration, 102 Anglo-Iraqi treaty (1922), 116, 259n79 Antiquities: on black market, 126, 156–157, 270n130, 276n68; destruction of, 1–4, 16–18, 314 RECLAIMING A PLUNDERED PAST 216–217, 284n20; race for, 11, 48–56, 63, 114, 125, 130–131, 141, 162; as valuable commodities, 3–4, 72, 111, 129, 157–158, 177–179, 272n21; as war trophies, 73–92, 205; Western justification for removal of, 30–31. See also Antiquities legislation in Iraq; Archaeology: and division of finds Antiquities legislation in Iraq: of 1924, 80, 111–129, 137, 140–149, 157–158, 162, 167, 171–173, 182, 207; of 1936 (“new”), 12, 175–176, 178, 183–190, 194–197, 215, 219. See also Egyptian antiquities law; French antiquities law; Italian antiquities law; Ottoman Empire: antiquities laws of Apocalypse, and Mesopotamia, 24–29, 226n20, 228n35 ‘Aqar Quf site, 212 Arab Bureau, 70–71, 244n62 Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), 51, 148 “Archaeologists” (poem), 218 Archaeology: and division of finds, 12–14, 16–17, 82–84, 91–92, 114–116, 122–125, 127, 140–149, 172–174, 187–188, 274n47, 275n55; early Western, 29–31, 33–47; and conditions for international expeditions to Middle East, 130–131, 138–149, 162, 174–186, 195–197, 215, 266n48, 275nn54,57–58, 276nn59–60,69, 278n112; and culture, 21–23, 164–165, 217; international period of, 10–11; Iraqi level of interest in, 4, 17–18, 30–31, 34–39, 116, 146–147, 176–180, 213, 215–216; as link to history, 5–6, 8, 10, 197–201; national period of, 10–18, 224n20; and nation-building, 4–7, 9, 12–13, 17–18, 95–97; and politics in Iraq, 3–4, 16–18, 147, 164–165, 169–180, 190, 208, 210, 219–220; scientific emphasis of, 43–44, 113–115, 128–129, 130, 141, 162, 171, 177, 179, 187, 192, 196; transitional period of, 10, 13, 121–122, 128–129; and treasure hunting, 39, 129; wages for workers, 266n49; Western domination of, 4, 11–13, 95–97, 112–116, 128–129, 193, 219, 222n5, 258nn72,73, 261n121, 267n75. See also Antiquities; Bell, Gertrude: and archaeology; British Museum: and early archaeology in Mesopotamia; Iraq; Mesopotamia: and early archaeology; and individual sites Arif, Abd al-Salam, 214 Arpachiyah site, 149, 170, 172–176, 181, 273n31 Ashmolean Museum (Oxford), 69, 95, 136 Ashur-nasir-pal, 42 al-‘Askari, Ja’ar, 106, 166 al-Asli, Naji Beg, 192, 211, PS Asquith, H. H., 68 Assur, 2, 57, 63, 66–67, 82, 84, PS Assurbanipal, 15, 45, 49 Assyrian affair, 167–168, 181, 183, 272n8 Assyrian levies, 108–109, 167 Assyrian period, 8, 11, 29, 135, 167; relics of, 41–43, 45, 60, INDEX 315 63, 67, 77, 80, 83, 90, 203, 238–239n156 Athenæum, 43 Athersone, Edwin, 27 Bab al-Wastani site, 203 Babel (Babil), 28, 32, 46–47, 98, 228n43, 229nn46,50, 235n118 Babylon, 2, 8, 11, 25–29, 28, 31–33, 35–37, 40, 54, 66–67, 98, 134, 201, 203, 214, 230nn57,59; site, 11, 57, 60, 62–64, 73, 78–83, 153, PS. See also Pan-Babylonian School Babylonian Exploration Fund (BEF), 51–52, 237–238n145 Bache, Charles, 136, 170 Baghdad Association of Modern Art, 214 Baghdad Chamber, 123 Baghdad Museum. See Iraq Museum; National Museum Baghdad School, 139 Baghdad site, 33, 36, 57–58, 68...