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abortion, 9, 41, 83, 93, 97, 108 abuse, child. See child abuse adolescence: identity in, 32, 48, 50–51, 77; race in, 48, 50–52; risks for abuse survivors in, 26–27, 58–59 adoption: as a gendered phenomenon, 1, 120–121, 126; media imagery of, 9, 30, 33–34, 38, 41, 90–93, 98–101, 113, 138–139, 151 (see also international adoption: in the media); myths about, 80, 98–116; older child, 6, 9, 19, 56–57, 61–65, 75–77; plenary, 91–92, 107, 119; scandals, 89, 91, 93–95, 98 adoption agencies: private, 1–2, 4, 6–8, 11–14, 16, 18–19, 24–26, 28, 30, 40, 45, 59, 75, 79, 81, 83, 86, 88, 92, 101, 111, 113–115, 126, 137, 139, 141, 144–146 (see also facilitators; private adoption); public, 1, 6, 8, 11–13, 18, 22, 24, 29– 30, 40, 45, 48, 53–54, 59, 88, 112–113, 115–116, 141 (see also public adoption); variable practices in, 11, 13–14, 24, 29–30, 40, 62, 85, 88, 106, 112–116 adoption failure. See disruption adoption policies, 33–34, 40, 49, 52–55, 61, 77, 113, 156 adoption statistics, 1–2, 5, 8–9, 14, 79, 95, 103, 108 adoption transition, 10, 20–21, 27, 43–45, 47, 67–69, 72, 75, 87, 121–123, 125–126, 131–132, 134, 142–143 African American adopters, 6–8, 11, 13, 19–22, 26, 29, 38–42, 45–46, 52–53, 66, 81, 120, 124–125, 132, 143, 148, 150 attachment: as a process, 10, 12, 43, 63, 65, 72–73, 77–78, 111–112, 114, 128; disorder , 41, 56, 63, 65, 67, 72, 78, 94, 112, 116, 128–130, 140–141. See also adoption transition; substantiation biracial identity, 12, 26, 33–34, 48–49 birth mothers: attitudes toward, 3, 24–25, 33, 52–53, 61–62, 97, 100–102, 107– 110, 146–148; and drug or alcohol addiction, 54, 61–62, 132; and loss of children to foster care, 9, 54–55, 76, 107, 132, 141 (see also foster care); in open adoption, 9, 33, 53–54, 86, 146, 155; in private adoption, 3, 7, 9, 13, 86, 104, 146 (see also private adoption); relinquishment by, 1, 80, 86, 92, 97, 107, 109–110; socioeconomic conditions of, 2, 13, 24–25, 33, 52, 54–55, 62, 76, 97, 100–101, 108–109, 132, 147–148. See also parental rights: termination of “blue-ribbon baby,” 79, 88–89, 103–104, 143 Brazil, 14, 88–90, 99, 101–102, 104 Bulgaria. See Eastern European adoptions business/professional adopters, 13, 84–86, 90, 97, 100–106, 108, 110–111, 114–116, 119–121, 125–127, 130–137, 140, 143– 147, 155 index 1 index child abuse: consequences of, 26, 55, 62–75, 134, 136, 141–142; gender and, 20, 23, 26, 30, 39, 41, 59–63, 65–67, 70–74, 76–78, 132, 134, 141, 143, 148 (see also violence, gendered); parental views of, 58, 62–64, 67–74, 136; physical , 20, 23, 39, 41, 58–59, 61–62, 132, 141, 154 (see also discipline: as corporal punishment); sexual, 20, 23, 30, 39, 41, 60–75, 134, 143, 154 child-rearing practices: class dimensions of, 19–24, 57–61, 116, 118, 120–125, 128–130, 133–134, 140, 141–144; emotional distancing in, 51, 76, 118, 129– 132, 140; gender in, 25–28, 33, 57–61, 69–77, 120, 128–130, 134–135, 142, 144, 150–151; race in, 29, 33, 45–48, 50–52, 124–125, 142, 148–150; therapeutic, 30, 56, 63–78, 112, 141–142, 148 claiming practices. See substantiation class: in domestic adoption, 1–2, 4, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18–19, 25–26, 31–32, 54, 56, 66, 117–120, 124–125, 133, 152; influence on child-rearing, 16, 19–23, 57–60, 67– 69, 117–120, 122–133, 138–141, 145–150, 152; influence on ideologies of family, 3, 8, 19, 21, 23–24, 29–30, 60–63, 85, 100–104, 111–118, 125–140, 152; in international adoption, 1, 9, 13, 16, 79, 85, 92–93, 98, 102–104, 111–116, 120, 123–124, 145–147; mobility issues in adoption, 1, 3, 16, 26, 121–124, 141–145 Colombia, 14, 88, 90, 93, 103, 110. See also Latin American adoptions color preference, 38–42, 51, 62, 80–81, 88, 104–105, 113, 153, 155; as prejudice, 38–42. See also racism custody, child, 5, 12, 15, 25, 53–54...

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