Border Citizens: The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona

Index

index Abourezk, James, 236, 237, 238 Acuña, Eva, 205 Acuña, Manuel, 205 Acuña, Rodolfo, 208 affirmative action, 201–202, 208 African Americans: as agricultural workers, 163; and Chicano movement , 195; and economic boom of 1960s, 158; Mexican American cooperation with, 179; migration to Arizona, 119; population of, 159; racial discrimination against, 155, 173; racial segregation of, 39, 119, 155, 156, 159–161, 177–179; stereotypes of, 126 Agricultural Employment Relations Act, 202–203, 208, 209 agricultural production: and assimilation , 51; crops of, 6–7; development of, 30–36; effect of urbanization on, 157; and Great Depression, 113; industrialization of, 31, 33, 34, 36, 66, 109–110, 165, 166–167, 168, 243; labor demands, 109–110, 166–167, 167; recruitment of labor for, 6, 117, 163–168, 204–205; and Salt River Project, 50, 111; and San Carlos Project, 131–132; of Thono O’odham, 21, 54, 58–59, 136, 213–214 Aji, 32, 33, 50, 55, 56, 58, 135 Akimel O’odham. See Pimas Alianza Hispano-Americana, 91, 94, 96, 116, 146, 173–179, 184–185 Alien Labor Law, 79, 94, 95, 98 Alonzo, Máximo, 114–115, 169, 172 Alvarez, Gabriel, 2–3, 231–232, 239 American Coordinating Council on Political Education (ACCPE), 184, 185, 187, 245 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 102, 103, 105, 113, 158–159, 170 Americanization programs, 11, 96–97, 116 Anderson, Benedict, 9, 15 Anglo Americans: as agricultural workers, 118, 125; and citizenship limits, 11, 43, 211–212, 244; and classification of immigrants, 102; defined, 13; as elites, 24; as ethnic category, 3; and federal labor camps, 123–124; marriages with ethnic Mexicans, 82; Mexicans degrading status of working class, Italic page numbers refer to figures. 314 border citizens 113; myth of true Arizona citizens, 156–157; projecting American image , 10; racial discrimination by, 155; and strikes, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105; and subordination of Mexicans and Indians, 16, 37, 109; and Tohono O’odham lands, 56; and urbanization, 191; whiteness of, 100; and Yaqui Indians, 2, 11, 144, 146–147, 148, 151, 153, 229, 243–244 Anton, Gerald, 223–224 Anton, Jose, 140–141 Anzaldúa, Gloria, 290n71 Apaches, 16–18, 21, 24, 32, 34, 163, 235–236 Arizona: assimilation policy, 45–53; evolution of political economy, 5–6; as internal colony, 37, 39, 253n1; migration from east, 24, 38, 118; relationship with nation-state, 15, 253n1; statehood of, 4, 10–11, 36–43, 37, 253n1. See also southcentral Arizona Arizona Commission of Indian Affairs , 165, 236 Arizona Cotton Growers Association (ACGA), 95, 112, 163 Arizona Farm Bureau, 171 Arizona Farm Labor Service, 122 Arizona Farm Workers Union (AFW), 205 Arizona Inter-Tribal Council, 236 Arizona State Federation of Labor (ASFL), 98, 103–106, 108–114, 122, 171, 271–272n44 Arizona Taxpayer and Citizenship Protection Act, 244–245 Ashurst, Henry, 67, 138 assimilation: and allotment, 46, 49, 64–65; and American Coordinating Council on Political Education, 186; Arizona policy on, 45–53; and boarding schools, 46–49, 135–136; and Chicano movement, 199; and citizenship, 11; and Community Service Organization, 182; and identity, 14, 44, 51–52; and Mexican Americans, 173; and Mexican immigration, 114; and mutualistas , 96; and racial hierarchy, 69; resistance to, 45, 69–70; and Spanish colonialism, 23 Aztecs, 20, 199–200, 243, 290n71 Azul, Antonito, 64–65, 66 Baldenegro, Sal, 192, 206 Benton, Katherine, 82, 83, 88, 100, 101 Beveridge, Albert, 37, 39 Biehn colony, 148, 183 bilingual education, 188–189, 195, 198, 206–209, 233, 244 Bisbee deportation, 107–108, 169 Blaine, Peter, 62, 127–128, 134, 137–138, 140, 143, 172, 214 border crossings: and ethno-racial borders, 80–88, 240; and Tohono O’odham, 75, 245; and transnational relationships, 73, 74–75, 80, 97; and Yaqui Indians, 79–80. See also U.S.–Mexico border Bracero Program, 99, 126, 156, 163–164, 166–168, 246 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): and agricultural workers, 163, 164; and allotment policy, 46, 50, 55–56, 63, 67, 128; and assimilation of indigenous peoples, 44–46, 54, 59, 61, 63, 128; attitudes toward indigenous peoples, 48–49, 131; attitudes towards Pimas, 34; and boarding schools, 46–49; and concept of tribe, 143; and economic development , 128, 132–133, 139; and interethnic fiestas, 87; and intermarriages , 83–84; and Mowry, 15; and preferential hiring of whites, 123, 130; and reservation system, 6, 44, 58, 128, 130–131, 137, 216–218, 219; and San Carlos Project, 131–132; and Tohono O’odham, 12, 214, 222; and Tohono O’odham...