Border Citizens: The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona

Notes

notes archive abbreviations AHST Arizona Historical Society Museum and Archives, Tempe POHP Phoenix Oral History Project AHF Arizona Historical Foundation Archives, Arizona State University, Tempe ACGAR Arizona Cotton Growers Association Records ASMT The Arizona State Museum, Tucson DAIOH Doris Duke American Indian Oral History Project AZSPC Arizona Statehood Proposal Collection 1901–1910, Special Collections, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff BIA-RG75 Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, National Archives, Laguna Niguel, California BLAC The Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas, Austin BOHP Barrios Oral History Project, Tempe Historical Museum, Tempe, Arizona GTH Guadalupe Town Hall, news clippings binder, Guadalupe, Arizona OFJC Native Americans and the New Deal: The Office Files of John Collier , 1933–1945, microfilm (Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, 1993) OLGC Our Lady of Guadalupe Church, Guadalupe History File, Arizona SCASU Special Collections, Hayden Reading Room, Arizona State University, Tempe CHASU Chicano collection MSS-150 MASO/MECHA records 1968–1999 MSS-168 Cuentos y Memorias: Mexican Americans in Miami, AZ, Oral History Collection MSS-130 Rose Marie and Joe Eddie López Papers, 1968–1988 P-CB-BIO Manuel “Lito” Peña Papers CH-MSS Carl Hayden Papers RW-MSS Ruby Olive Haigler Wood Papers 1903–1965 SCUA Special Collections, University of Arizona, Tucson BO-MSS Bonaventure Oblasser Papers U-MSS Morris Udall Papers H-MSS Chester Higman Papers SRPA Salt River Project Archives, Tempe, Arizona VGLSC Special Collections, Venito García Library, Sells, Tohono O’odham Reservation, Arizona introduction 1. Quoted is Edward Spicer from George P. Castile, “Yaquis, Edward H. Spicer, and Federal Indian Policy: From Immigrants to Native Americans,” Journal of the Southwest 44 (Winter 2002): 295, 383–436. 2. Pascua Yaqui Association, Articles of Incorporation, May 13, 1963, SCUA, U-MSS, box 165, folder 14. See also Edward Spicer, The Yaquis: A Cultural History (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1980), 256; Castile, “Yaquis,” 395. 3. Painter discusses the founding of PAC in a letter to Udall, February 22, 1963, SCUA, U-MSS, box 165, folder 14. 4. Valencia to Udall, n.d., SCUA, U-MSS, box 165, folder 14. See also Mark E. Miller, “The Yaquis Become American Indians: The Process of Federal Tribal Recognition ,” The Journal of Arizona History 35 (Summer 1994): 183–204, 186–187. 5. Udall to Wayne N. Aspinall, chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, May 14, 1963, SCUA, U-MSS, box 165, folder 14; Providing for the Conveyance of Certain Land of the United States to the Pascua Yaqui Association Inc., HR 1530, 88th Cong., 2d sess., in SCUA, U-MSS, box 165, folder 14. 6. For historical surveys of the Yaquis in Sonora, see Spicer, The Yaquis; Evelyn Hu-DeHart, Missionaries, Miners, and Indians: Spanish Contact with the Yaqui Nation of Northwestern New Spain, 1533–1820 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1981); Hu-DeHart, Yaqui Resistance and Survival: The Struggle for Land and Autonomy, 1821–1910 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984). 7. Turney Smith to Udall, August 11, 1964, and Udall to Smith, August 13, 1964, both in SCUA, U-MSS, box 165, folder 14. Other letters opposing the bill for a variety of reasons include the Reverend John Swank to Udall, August 5, 1964, the Revs. Bruce Garrison and John Swank to Udall, February 20, 1964, and Joseph Cesare, September 12, 1964, all in U-MSS. 8. Quoted are Barbara Valencia and Tomasa Carpio, from an interview by the author, Phoenix, October 19, 1994. This section is also drawn from Gabriel and Francis Alvarez, author’s interview, Guadalupe, April 26, 1995, and from Chris Hernandez, my interview, Tempe, April 4, 1995. 250 notes to pages 1–2 9. Author’s interview. 10. An Act to Provide for the Conveyance of Certain Land of the United States to the Pascua Yaqui Association Inc., Private Law 88-359, 88th Cong., 2d sess. (October 9, 1964). 11. See David Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants , and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Neil Foley, The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Cynthia Radding, Wandering Peoples: Colonialism, Ethnic Spaces, and Ecological Frontiers in Northwestern Mexico, 1700–1850 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997); Alexandra Harmon, Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities Around Puget Sound (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Linda Gordon, The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999); Samuel Truett and...