Fifty Years of Change on the U.S.-Mexico Border: Growth, Development, and Quality of Life

Notes

notes introduction 1. Audits, warnings, and fines all decreased dramatically between 1986 and 2000, even though a key provision of IRCA legislation was employer inspections . In 2004, for example, nationwide, three employers were fined. See Brownell (2005), “Declining enforcement of employer sanctions.” To date, the United States does not have the political will to deprive employers of their illegal immigrant labor force. 2. Alegría (2002), “Demand and supply of Mexican cross-border workers.” 3. Peach (1997), “Income distribution along the United States border with Mexico: 1970–1990.” 4. Peach and Molina (2002), “Income distribution in Mexico’s northern border states.” 5. Diehl (1983), “Effect of the peso devaluation on Texas border cities,” and Prock (1983), “The peso devaluations and their effect on Texas border economies.” 6. San Diego Dialogue (1994), Who Crosses the Border? A View of the San Diego/Tijuana Metropolitan Region, and San Diego Dialogue, Centro Estudios Económicos del Sector Empresarial de Mexicali, A.C., and Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (1998), Survey of Border Crossers: Imperial/Mexicali Valley. 7. Papademetriou and Meyers (2001), “Overview.” chapter 1 1. According to the Mexican census bureau, in 2000, 28.8 percent of Tijuana ’s economically active population worked in manufacturing. By comparison , the figures for San Diego and the United States were 9.9 and 13.0 per- cent, respectively. See U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (n.d.), State and County Employment and National Employment. 2. The most recent eruption was in 1935; geologic evidence points to eruptions as long as 10,000 years ago. 3. Though not located on the border, it is the largest city in a border county and so is included in the U.S. border region data set. 4. Wages in Mexico are generally measured as multiples of the minimum wage. Official census data are gathered and reported for the share of the population earning no wages, less than one times minimum wage, one to two times minimum wage, two to five times minimum wage, and more than five times minimum wage. 5. Public Affairs Office (2005), “Southern New Mexico regional history before 1945.” 6. U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2006), TranStats—The Intermodal Transportation Database. 7. Arreola (2002), Tejano South Texas: A Mexican-American Cultural Province, 156. 8. Ramirez (2001), “Unions, collaboration and labour conditions in Mexican maquiladoras.” chapter 2 1. Rural Terrell and Hudspeth counties in Texas and Camargo, Tamaulipas, all had negative population growth in the years 1950–2000. 2. These areas included Tijuana and Tecate in Baja California, Agua Prieta in Sonora, Ciudad Juárez in Chihuahua, Ciudad Acuña in Coahuila, and Yuma in Arizona. 3. Rural is defined as no town with more than 2,500 people. 4. These agglomerations were San Diego–Tijuana, Imperial County– Mexicali, El Paso–Ciudad Juárez, Webb County (Laredo)–Nuevo Laredo, Cameron County (McAllen)–Reynosa, and Hidalgo County (Brownsville)– Matamoros. 5. See Schultz (1974), Fertility Determinants: A Theory, Evidence and Application to Policy Evaluation, and Pritchett (1994), “Desired fertility and the impact of population policies,” among many others. 6. Martin (2003), “Mexico-U.S. migration.” 7. The data used here for population growth are the average growth rate for the decade ending in the year indicated. The natural percentage increase, however, is based on the number of births and deaths in that year. 8. Wilson (1993), “We seek work where we can: A comparison of patterns of out migration from a rancho in Jalisco and of internal migration into a Mexicali squatter settlement.” 9. Authors’ calculation based on data from INEGI. 228 notes to pages 7–55 10. Mexico has three minimum wages, depending on the region. They do not differ much. 11. World Bank (2005), Doing Business 2005. 12. Terminology is important. Many Mexicans and some Americans are offended by the use of the term “illegal immigrant,” reasoning that people can commit illegal acts but cannot be illegal in themselves. Although this may seem like a useless piece of political correctness, we have avoided using the term. In place of “illegal” we offer “unauthorized” and “undocumented.” 13. Massey, Durand, and Malone (2003), Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration. 14. Meyers (2005), “U.S. border enforcement: From horseback to high-tech.” 15. The estimate for migrant remittances in 2003 was $12 billion, and for 2005 it was $20 billion. There is considerable dispute about the size of the remittance flows...