Greek Sport and Social Status

SOME IMPORTANT DATES

SOM E I M PORTA N T DAT E S Note: many dates are approximate or conjectural. Archaic Period (Greece)/Regal and Republican Periods (Rome) 776 BCE Foundation of Olympic games (Hippias’ date) 753 Foundation of Rome (traditional date) 750 Homer, Iliad 725 Homer, Odyssey 704 Foundation of Olympic games (Mallwitz’ date) 680 Olympic four-horse chariot race 594 Solon’s legislation at Athens 564 Arrichion’s third pankration victory and death at Olympia 536 Milon’s first adult wrestling victory at Olympia 520 Olympic race in armor 520–470 Simonides’ poems 509 Expulsion of last king of Rome/establishment of Roman Republic 498–446 Pindar’s poems 490 Persian invasion of Greece/Battle of Marathon/ Pheidippides 484 Prime of the trainer Menander 482 Hieron’s first horseracing victory at Delphi 480 Astylus’ three victories in footraces at Olympia T4796.indb xiii T4796.indb xiii 9/26/08 7:56:53 AM 9/26/08 7:56:53 AM xiv Greek Sport and Social Status Classical Period (Greece)/ Republican Period (Rome) 479 Battle of Plataea/end of Persian Wars 480–450 Bacchylides’ poems 476 Alexander I of Macedon’s competition at Olympia 468 Fifth day added to Olympic festival 460 Thirtieth panhellenic victory for the trainer Melesias 456 Completion of Temple of Zeus at Olympia 450 Building of Stadium III at Olympia 431–404 Peloponnesian War 420 Lichas’ chariot victory at Olympia 416 Alcibiades’ chariot victory at Olympia 415 Euripides, Alexandros 408 Olympic two-horse chariot race 400 Compilation of Hippias’ list of Olympic victors; Damonon’s stone list of his competitive successes 399 Execution of Socrates 396 Cynisca’s first chariot victory at Olympia 384 Olympic four-colt chariot race 380 Panathenaea prize list 372 Troilus’ chariot victories at Olympia/judges henceforward banned from competition 364 Arcadians and Eleians wage war at Olympia 356 Philip II of Macedon’s horseracing victory at Olympia 338 Battle of Chaeronea: Philip defeats Greek alliance 323 Death of Alexander the Great Hellenistic Period (Greece)/ Republican Period (Rome) 314 Ptolemy I’s chariot victory at Delphi 300 Athenodorus’ Nemean boxing victory/request for assistance from Ephesus 284 Chariot victories of Ptolemy I, Berenice I, and Ptolemy II Philadelphus at Olympia T4796.indb xiv T4796.indb xiv 9/26/08 7:56:53 AM 9/26/08 7:56:53 AM Some Important Dates xv 274 Callicrates’ chariot victory at Delphi 272 Arsinoe II’s victories in three chariot races at Olympia 268 Bilistiche’s four-colt chariot victory at Olympia 264 Bilistiche’s two-colt chariot victory at Olympia 260 Posidippus, Apollonius of Rhodes 256 Berenice of Syria’s chariot victory at Olympia 250 Correspondence of Zenon 232 Aratus’ chariot victory at Olympia 200 Pankration for boys: last event added to Olympic program 186 Fulvius Nobilior presents Greek athletes at Rome 180 Gymnasium regulations from Beroea 146 Greece becomes a Roman province (Achaea) 80 Cornelius Sulla’s Greek games at Rome 72 Olympic dolichos victory by Gaius of Rome and/or Hypsicles of Sicyon 45 First stadium at Rome (built by Julius Caesar) 44 Assassination of Julius Caesar 30 Battle of Actium/Octavian (later Augustus) defeats Antony and Cleopatra Imperial Period 27 BCE–14 CE Reign of Augustus 27 BCE Actian games 10 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2 CE Sebastan games at Naples 41 Gymnasium regulations from Gytheum 54–68 Reign of Nero 65 Death of Seneca 67 Nero’s tour of Greek festivals 80 Dedication of Colosseum 81–96 Reign of Domitian 86 Capitoline games at Rome 100 Plutarch T4796.indb xv T4796.indb xv 9/26/08 7:56:54 AM 9/26/08 7:56:54 AM xvi Greek Sport and Social Status 117–138 Reign of Hadrian 142 Eusebeia at Puteoli 150 Prize list from Aphrodisias 170 Artemidorus, Galen, Lucian, Pausanias 177 Gladiatorial expenditures limited by Marcus Aurelius and Commodus 180–192 Reign of Commodus 181 M. Aurelius Asclepiades’ pankration victory at Olympia 200 Death of the trainer Hermocrates 215 Ti. Claudius Rufus’ pankration victory at Olympia 240 Philostratus 252 Claudius Rufus Menon’s first invitation to gladiatorial and other spectacles 267 Herulians overrun Olympia 391 Pagan festivals outlawed by Theodosius I 426 Festival ban restated by Theodosius II Modern Period 1833 First call to revive Olympic festival (by Panagiotis Soutsos) 1850 First modern Olympic festival at Much Wenlock (organized by W. P. Brookes) 1859 First modern Olympic festival at Athens (funded by Evangelis Zappas) 1863 Birth of Pierre...