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NOT E S Preface 1. Mitchel, “Lykourgan Athens: 338–322.” Chapter One 1. Toews, A Complicated Kindness, 39. 2. See Kennedy, A Course of Their Own; McDaniel, Uneven Lies. 3. Quoted in Stuller, “Holding the bag,” 68. 4. For the physical demands of auto racing, and the recent efforts of drivers to meet them more successfully, see Severson, “At 190 m.p.h., who needs a spare tire?” 5. Here, as often, actions speak louder than words: South African swimmer Natalie Dutoit made the 800-meter open final at the 2002 Commonwealth Games after winning the 50-meter race for athletes with disabilities. Oscar Pistorius, a South African sprinter with two prosthetic legs, is a candidate for the national 1,600-meter relay team. If he runs at Beijing, he will find it difficult to outdo the American gymnast George Eyser, who won a gold and several other medals at the 1904 Olympics on a wooden leg. Top-flight athletes in baseball have included pitchers Mordecai “Three-Fingered” Brown and Jim Abbott (who was missing most of his right forearm), one-armed outfielder Pete Gray, and Dummy Hoy. The first deaf major-leaguer, Hoy is said to have changed the game forever when he played at Oshkosh in the late 1880s. Unable to hear the umpire’s call on each pitch, he asked a coach to signal balls and strikes, and the practice soon caught on. T4796.indb 143 T4796.indb 143 9/26/08 7:57:15 AM 9/26/08 7:57:15 AM 144 Notes to pages 5–10 6. Chambers, “Conflicting Rulings Keep Cart Issue in Courts,” New York Times, April 10, 2000. 7. See the U. S. Golf Association, The Rules of Golf, retrieved November 6, 2007, from http://www.usga.org/rules. 8. Vial, “À propos des concours de l’Orient méditerranéen à l’époque hellénistique,” 372. 9. For the place of horses in Greek life, see now Griffith, “Horsepower and donkeywork.” 10. We know less about equestrian victors at local festivals. However , the overseer of the charioteers of Melon, one of the Thebans who overthrew their pro-Spartan oligarchy in the early fourth century BCE, is said to have owned the best mount in the city and to have won the horse race at the Heracleia: Plut. Mor. 587D. 11. See now Papakonstantinou, “Alcibiades in Olympia,” and below , Chapter Two. 12. Isoc. 16.46; Diod. Sic. 13.74.3; quotation, Isoc. 16.33. 13. Paus. 6.9.4–5; Nicholson, Aristocracy and Athletics, 221 n. 72. For a survey, see Di Vita, “Olimpia e la Grecità siceliota.” 14. For Hieron’s equestrian victories and their dates, see Schade, “Die Oden von Pindar und Bakchylides auf Hieron.” 15. Panathenaea: IG 22 2311 = S. G. Miller, Arete no. 120. 16. The scale of the celebration may have resulted from the sixty-year period during which Agrigentum had no Olympic victors to welcome; see Di Vita, “Olimpia e la Grecità siceliota,” 70. 17. See Golden, Sport and Society, 43–45; on Hippias and Olympic victor lists in general, see now the important study by Christesen, Olympic Victor Lists and Ancient Greek History. Christesen stresses the impact of Elis’ late-fifth century conflict with Sparta on the make-up of Hippias’ list. 18. For older victors, see Golden, Sport and Society, 117–123. Among younger ones, the son of Ptolemy V was no older than 4 when he won a Panathenaic chariot race in 182 BCE, if Tracy and Habicht are correct in restoring his name at IG 22 2314.56 (Tracy and Habicht, “New and old Panathenaic victor lists,” 221). As we will see below, the Ptolemies were aggressive in using family members, including minors , to make propaganda in competitive festivals. On this occasion, the young Ptolemy’s victory would announce the arrival of a longawaited heir; Bennett, “Arsinoe and Berenice at the Olympics,” 93. 19. Diog. Laert. 8.53; Bell, “The marble youths from Grammichele and Agrigento,” 224–226. T4796.indb 144 T4796.indb 144 9/26/08 7:57:15 AM 9/26/08 7:57:15 AM [54.90.167.73] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 13:46 GMT) Notes to pages 10–14 145 20. See now Dillon, “Did parthenoi attend the Olympic Games?” 21. See now Kyle, “‘The only woman in all Greece’”; Hodkinson, “Female property ownership and empowerment in classical and Hellenistic Sparta,” 111–113; and cf. Kyle, “Fabulous females and ancient Olympia” and Sport and Spectacle, 188–196...