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African Americans, 20, 23, 26, 29, 33, 35, 190 Agrupación Filantrópica de Damas, 174 Agrupación Protectora Mexicana, 66, 69–70, 97, 100 Alice, Texas, 22, 84–86 Alpha Club, 79–81, 174 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 58, 75, 102–103 Americanization movement, 48–50, 52, 58, 139–140, 221 Asian Americans, 60 Baker, A.Y., 174–175 Barrera, Dave, 272n10 Bonilla, Rubén, 3, 203 bossism, 42, 86–87, 95–96, 106, 167, 172, 174–175, 177; and the Mexican vote, 34–37, 47, 61, 226 Box, John, 22, 40, 51, 59, 60 Bravo, Josefa, 206, 209 Bravo, Manuel B., 173, 206, 209 Brigadas Cruzes Azules, 68, 90, 109, 142, 143 Brooks, Homer, 148–149, 183, 185, 214 Canales, J.T., 27, 87, 93, 96, 104, 106, 118, 121, 132, 134, 136–137, 164, 177, 183, 191, 200, 226; account of Harlingen, 130–131; biography of, 94–97; and class, 118, 128; and education equality, 82, 84; and LLAC, 152, 155–157, 160–161; and LULAC constitution, 163–166, 171, 180; LULAC formation, 93–94, 112, 160–163, 171, 173, 179–180; and Mexican American civil rights, 73; and Mexican citizens, 126–128, 130–131; oratory qualities of, 118, 191–192; and OSA, 78, 82, 83–84, 155–157, 161; in politics, 28, 30, 37, 119; and race, 27; and Texas Rangers, 28, 46, 50–51; and women’s participation , 172; and World War I patriotism, 50, 52 Cano, Pablo, 272n10 Cantú, Clara, 48–49 Cañamar, Henry, 87, 88, 272n10 Carvajal, Ramón H., Jr., 74, 75, 86, 87–88, 122, 123 I N D E X Page numbers in italics indicate images. 3 1 0 Index Castañeda, Carlos E., 33, 159; and LULAC, 162, 163–164, 176–177, 178; and Mexican citizenship, 224 Chandler, Charles, 185, 187 Chapa, Francisco A., 37, 42, 52, 69, 104 Chicana/o historiography, 2–8, 65, 185–188, 197–198 Chicano movement, 3, 186, 195, 228 Chicano!: The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, 8, 186 children of Mexican descent, 21, 23, 30–33, 38, 167–169 citizenship, 5–7, 9, 13, 19, 29, 50–57, 90–91, 104, 112, 118–119, 174, 192, 221, 227–229; and ethnic politics, 2, 13, 41–42, 57–59, 61–62, 67–68, 70–71, 89–91, 120–150, 153, 214–215, 217–219, 224; and racialization of “Mexicans,”10, 23–24, 27, 30, 37, 47– 48, 58–59, 61–62, 178–179, 221–223; and women, 212, 214–219, 228–229; and World War I, 50–57, 90–91. See also Harlingen convention; immigration , policies of the U.S.; LULAC; Order Sons of America; social citizenship Club Protector México-Texano, 77, 101, 121 collective interest/action theory, 183, 188, 189–191, 195 Colquitt, Oscar, 37, 43 Comercio, El, 122, 124, 127–128 Comisiones Honoríficos, 68, 90, 142–143 Comité Provisional Organizador ProRaza , 121–122 Corpus Christi, 19–20. See also Alpha Club; Order Sons of America Cortéz, Gregorio, 26, 69. See also Gregorio Cortéz defense network Crónica, La, 69, 101, 103, 145 Cronista del Valle, El, 122–124, 126–127 Cruz, Pablo, 69, 73 de Hernández, María L., 14, 113; biography of, 215–218; husband Pedro, 215 de Luna, Andrés, Sr., 115, 164, 204–205; biography of, 114–115; and class, 79; and Harlingen convention, 122, 135; and LULAC, 93–94, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164–166, 173; and OSA, 79, 81, 84, 159 de Luna, Carolina B., 14, 119, 197, 203, 204–205, 207, 217 Democratic Party, 34–37, 42, 47, 96, 114 education, 12, 23–24, 35, 36, 47, 139, 216, 226; activism and reform, 67, 70, 90, 133, 166–168, 174, 190; and cultural retention/Americanization, 21, 39, 139–140; and difference among people of Mexican descent, 11, 94, 118, 150, 172, 198, 210, 225, 226; of Mexican American civil rights leaders , 84, 94, 95, 97, 101, 103, 114, 117, 118, 157, 225; quality of education available to La Raza, 31–33, 38–39, 70–71, 73–74, 129–130, 167–168, 190; and women, 32–33, 71, 172–173. See also segregation Escobar, Eleuterio, Jr., 125–126, 128, 152; and Harlingen convention, 131 eugenics, 41, 59–60 European Americans, 12, 177–179; attitudes toward people of Mexican descent, 27, 30–37, 40, 43, 45, 59–61, 146, 174–175, 177–179, 223, 227 European American women, 28, 38, 112, 114 Ferguson, James E., 29, 37, 43...

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