No Mexicans, Women, or Dogs Allowed

Cover

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Title Page, Copyright, Dedication

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CONTENTS

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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pp. ix-xii

This book is about the origins of the most important U.S. civil rights organization for people of Mexican descent. Mexican American men founded the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) in Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1929. I began this book in a Chicano history class with Professor V�ctor Nelson Cisneros at the University of Texas at Austin in 1978. ...

Introduction

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pp. 1-14

The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) is the oldest Mex-can American civil rights organization in the United States and celebrated its eightieth anniversary in 2009.¹ With several thousand members today, it is one of the largest Latino voluntary associations. Mexican American men founded LULAC on February 17, l929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, when the ...

PART ONE. SOCIETY AND IDEOLOGY

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pp. 15-16

ONE. The Mexican Colony of South Texas

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pp. 17-39

This story begins in South Texas. In the 1910s and 1920s industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of agribusiness fostered the region’s integration into the state and nation, encouraging European American migrants and Mexican immigrants to move there. This affected racial arrangements, class composition and formation, and La Raza’s identity formation. Out of this ...

TWO. Ideological Origins of the Movement

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pp. 40-62

This chapter focuses on the 1910s and 1920s as formative decades for Mexican American consciousness amid major ideological influences and social change in the United States, Texas, and Mexico. Signs of this shift were the multiple identities La Raza used to name itself. By 1921 the male Mexican American middle class began to more publicly acknowledge an “American” ...

PART TWO. POLITICS

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pp. 63-64

THREE. Rise of a Movement

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pp. 65-91

Historian David Montejano asserts, “There would be no vigorous or unified opposition against segregation until after World War II, when Texas veterans would organize to challenge the dramatic condition of race supremacy.”¹ Eleazar Paredes contends, “It was not until World War II that the Chicano ... emerged as his true self—a man of dignity, a man who knows ...

FOUR. Founding Fathers

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pp. 92-119

The public, even among La Raza, knows little about the leaders of the Mexican American civil rights movement in Texas, especially those who led the effort that resulted in the founding of LULAC. Until recently, historians had little interest in them since they allegedly acquiesced to racial oppression or middle-class interests. Activists and scholars of the 1970s called these ...

FIVE. The Harlingen Convention of 1927: No Mexicans Allowed

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pp. 120-150

In the midst of an emerging Mexican American civil rights movement, the next key event was a convention billed as a “pro-Raza” effort held in Harlingen in South Texas in 1927. The objective was to provide an organizational solution to the problems La Raza faced and unite all the disparate associations originally associated with the Order Sons of America. But instead of ...

SIX. LULAC’s Founding

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pp. 151-180

The Order Sons of America, the Order Sons of Texas, and the Order Knights of America did not unite at Harlingen. After the convention “settled” the citizenship question, yet another organization was founded there—the League of Latin American Citizens (LLAC). Activists were frustrated with further duplication and consequently over the next two years tried to merge ...

PART THREE. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

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pp. 181-182

SEVEN. The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement

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pp. 183-195

Activism in the 1920s and the founding of LULAC signaled a Mexican American civil rights movement. J. T. Canales and Emma Tenayuca and her husband, Homer Brooks, though on opposite sides of the spectrum of capitalism and communism, thought so. In 1939 Tenayuca and Brooks wrote about what they called “the Significance of the Mexican Rights Movement.”¹ ...

EIGHT. No Women Allowed?

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pp. 196-220

When I began research on LULAC it never dawned on me that women might have been part of that movement. I was told that Ben Garza (or Alonso S. Perales) was the father of LULAC. I interviewed Manuel C. Gonz�les, John Sol�s, and several other men, along with some women, yet women and gender did not yet figure into my studies. So when historian Mois�s Sandoval ...

CONCLUSION

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pp. 221-230

The OSA and LULAC emerged in a society in flux and signaled the rise of the Mexican American civil rights movement in the 1920s. This movement resulted from the rise of the M�xico Texano male middle class in San Antonio, Corpus Christi, Alice, and the Lower Rio Grande Valley. As twentieth-century society took shape amid urbanization and industrialization, a new ...

Appendices

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pp. 231-240

NOTES

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pp. 241-298

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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pp. 299-308

INDEX

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pp. 309-316