Women, Gender, and the Palace Households in Ottoman Tunisia

Chronology

xiii chronoloGy 1229–1574 Hafsid dynasty 1517 Ottoman conquest of Egypt and Tilimsan (Algeria) 1556 Beginning of Ottoman rule in Tripoli 1574 Ottoman conquest of Tunisia 1591 Soldiers revolt; one of the deys is included on the diwan 1598–1610 ʿUthman Dey 1610–1635 Yusuf Dey 1613–1631 Murad serves as bey, granted title of pasha; his descendants maintain the position of bey for the remainder of the century 1631–1666 Hammuda Pasha ibn Murad 1666–1675 Murad ibn Hammuda Bey 1675–1686 ʿAli ibn Murad Bey 1686–1696 Muhammad ibn Murad Bey 1690s Intermittent fighting with Algiers over rule in Tunis 1702 Ottoman envoy Ibrahim al-Sharif arrives in Tunis to quell political problems 1702 Numerous political marriages between the Murad family and its dependents 1705–1735 Husayn ibn ʿAli nominated dey and bey, with sultan’s recognition 1710 Governing position becomes hereditary 1711 Qaramanli family begins governing in Tripoli 1728 ʿAli Pasha divorces his cousin Hafsia, breaks with his uncle (Husayn ibn ʿAli), and makes a claim to govern 1735–1756 ʿAli Pasha returns to Tunis from Algeria and governs 1740 Assassination of Husayn ibn ʿAli 1756–1759 Muhammad al-Rashid Bey returns from Algeria; assassinates cousin ʿAli Pasha xiv Women, Gender, and the Palace households 1756 (approx.) Trakiya bint ʿAli Pasha marries her father’s cousin ʿAli ibn Husayn 1759–1777 ʿAli Bey 1763 Muhammad Saghir ibn Yusuf (1691–1771) writes Al-mashrʿa al-mulki 1764 Circumcision festivities for Hammuda, Suleiman, Mahmud, and Ismail 1776 Family marriage celebrations, including one for Amina bint ʿAli Bey and her cousin Mahmud 1777 Ceremony of investiture at which his son Hammuda is granted the title of pasha and begins governing in practice 1777–1814 Hammuda Pasha 1782 Death of ʿAli Bey 1814 ʿUthman Bey 1814–1824 Mahmud Bey 1822 Death of Amina bint ʿAli Bey (wife of Mahmud Bey, mother of Husayn and Mustafa) 1824–1835 Husayn Bey 1827 Death of Fatma Mestiri, wife of Husayn Bey 1830 French occupation of Algiers 1835 Qaramanli governors in Tripoli deposed by sultan 1835–1837 Mustafa Bey 1837–1855 Ahmad Bey 1839 Death of ʿAziza bint Mahmud Bey, wife of Suleiman Kahia 1855–1859 Muhammad Bey 1857 ʿAhd al-Aman or Fundamental Pact establishes mixed courts in Tunis 1859–1882 Muhammad al-Sadoq Bey 1861 Fundamental Laws or constitution implemented 1864 Major uprisings throughout Tunisia; Muhammad al-Sadoq Bey suspends the constitution 1869 International Financial Commission takes control of finances in Tunis 1873–1877 Khayr al-Din serves as prime minister 1881 French colonial occupation of Tunisia; bey continues to govern in name only ...