Women, Gender, and the Palace Households in Ottoman Tunisia

Notes

189 notes introduction 1. See Appendix 1 for a complete genealogy of the family. 2. The basic unit of currency was the nasr, with fifty-two nasri to one riyal, or piaster, as it was called by Europeans. The approximate equivalents of weights and measures are listed in the glossary. Tunisian National Archives, Register 201 (hereafter listed as TNA). 3. Caroline Weber, Queen of Fashion: What Marie Antoinette Wore to the Revolution (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006), 11–47. 4. Anne Walthall, “Introducing Palace Women,” in Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History, ed. Anne Walthall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008). 5. Julia Ann Clancy-Smith, Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c. 1800–1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 104. 6. This is the figure generally agreed upon by scholars, whereas estimates made by contemporary foreign sources often place the population between two and five million; Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). 7. Julia A. Clancy-Smith, Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800–1904) (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994). 8. Dalenda Bouzgarrou-Largueche, Wtan al-Munastir: fiscalité et société (1671– 1856) (Tunis: Publications de la faculté des lettres de la Manouba, 1993); Lucette Valensi, Fellah tunisiens: l’économie rurale et la vie des campagnes au 18ème et 19ème siècles (Paris et La Haye: Mouton & Co., 1977). 9. Sadok Boubaker, La régence de Tunis au XVII siècle: ses relations commerciales avec les ports de l’Europe méditerranéenne (Toulouse: Université de Toulouse, 1978); Dalenda Larguèche, Territoire sans frontiéres: la contrebande et ses réseaux dans la régence de Tunis au XIXe siècle (Tunis: Centre de Publications Universitaire, 2002). 10. Lucette Valensi, “Islam et capitalisme: production et commerce des chéchias en Tunisie et en France aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles,” Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 16, no. 3 (1969). 11. Ghislaine Lydon, “Writing Trans-Saharan History: Methods, Sources and 190 notes to PaGes 7–14 Interpretations across the African Divide,” Journal of North African Studies 10, nos. 3–4 (2005); Lucette Valensi, “Esclaves chrétiens et esclaves noirs à Tunis au XVIIIe siècle,” Annales, Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations 22, no. 6 (1967). 12. There is a considerable body of literature on administrative decentralization and the prominence of local elites and families, notably Rifaʿat Abou-elHaj , “The Ottoman Vezir and Pasa Households 1683–1703: A Preliminary Report ,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 94, no. 4 (1974); Albert Hourani, “Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables,” in The Modern Middle East: A Reader, ed. Albert Hourani, Philip S. Khoury, and Mary C. Wilson (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993); Ehud R. Toledano, “The Emergence of Ottoman-Local Elites (1700–1900): A Framework for Research,” in Middle Eastern Politics and Ideas: A History From Within, ed. Moshe Maʾoz and Ilan Pappé (London: Taurus Academic Studies, 1997). 13. Rifaʿat Abou-el-Haj, “An Agenda for Research in History: The History of Libya between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 15, no. 3 (1983): 305–319. 14. For Egyptian examples, see Ehud R. Toledano, State and Society in Midnineteenth -century Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 15. The expression is from Mohamed-Hédi Chérif, Pouvoir et société dans la Tunisie de H’usayn Bin ʿAli (1705–1740), 2 vols. (Tunis: Publications de l’Université de Tunis, 1984). 16. Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg, Tunis: The Land and the People (New York: Dodd and Mead, 1882), 36. 17. The latter figure is taken from the papers of Pierre Grandchamp; see the Centre des Archives Diplomatiques de Nantes, France (hereafter CADN) Protectorats , Tunisie, 133. 18. Hermann Pückler-Muskau, Semilasso in Afrika (Stuttgart: Hallberger, 1836), vol. 2, 148–149. 19. On the use of rare and prestigious commodities, art, and architecture in the creation of the Empress Marie Theresa’s monarchical identity, see the work of Michael Yonan such as Michael E. Yonan, “Veneers of Authority: Chinese Lacquers in Maria Theresa’s Vienna,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 37, no. 4 (2004). 20. Hesse-Wartegg, Tunis, 36–38. 21. Grenville T. Temple, Excursions in the Mediterranean: Algiers and Tunis (London: Saunders and Otley, 1835), 185. 22. See his biography in Ahmad Ibn Abi Diyaf, Ithaf ahl al-zaman bi akhbar muluk Tunis...