I Ask for Justice: Maya Women, Dictators, and Crime in Guatemala, 1898–1944

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Archivo General de Centro América (hereafter AGCA), índice (index) 116, Chimaltenango 1914, legajo (leg., dossier, bundle) 15d, expediente (exp., proceeding) 19. Unless otherwise noted, all translations are mine. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. The peso was the official Guatemalan currency until 1925, when the José María Orellana government replaced it with the quetzal in an effort to halt currency devaluation. The peso continued to be used in the central highlands into the 1930s until the Jorge Ubico administration abolished it. 4. Comaroff, foreword, x. 5. Weber, Economy and Society; Gramsci, Selections. 6. Handy, “Chicken Thieves,” 533, 555; Forster, Time of Freedom. 7. Merry, “Law as Fair,” 177. 8. Christiansen, Disobedience. 9. Ixki’ch, 6/27/01, Comalapa. Unless otherwise indicated by a name in parentheses , I conducted all oral history interviews. All translations of oral history interviews are mine. 10. Black, Behavior of Law; Black, Sociological Justice. 11. Bliss, Compromised Positions; Stern, Secret History. 12. Indio is a derogatory term informed by non-indigenous Guatemalans’ perceptions of indígenas as dirty, ignorant, lazy, and retrograde. 13. García Granados, Evolución sociológica, 25; Carey, “Indigenismo and Guatemalan History”; Grandin, Blood of Guatemala, 91, 97–98, 127–128, 141–142; C. Smith, “Race-Class-Gender Ideology,” 725; Reeves, Ladinos with Ladinos, 156. 14. Gudmundson and Lindo-Fuentes, Central America; Sieder, “Customary Law,” 100; McCreery, Rural Guatemala. 15. Reeves, Ladinos with Ladinos, 156; Carey, “Mayan Soldier-Citizens,” 142– 143, 151–152. 16. Wertheimer, “Gloria’s Story,” 392–393; Blum, “Public Welfare”; Blum, Do- 264 Notes to Pages 5–8 mestic Economies; Díaz, “Women”; Hünefeldt, Liberalism in the Bedroom; Dore, “One Step Forward.” 17. Deutsch, “Gender and Sociopolitical Change”; Díaz, “Women”; Saladino García, “Función social”; Black, Limits of Gender Domination, 258. 18. Grandin, Blood of Guatemala. 19. Forster, Time of Freedom, 72. 20. Grandin, Blood of Guatemala; Reeves, Ladinos with Ladinos. 21. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 26–27; Foucault, Power/Knowledge, 134– 165; Wolf and Hansen, “Caudillo Politics.” 22. For the most part I adhere to these conventions throughout the book when identifying women by their last names. 23. Stavig, Amor y violencia; Ericastilla Samayoa and Jiménez Chacón, “‘A riesgo de perder’”; Few, Women Who Live Evil Lives; Komisaruk, “Rape Narratives”; Rodríguez Sáenz, “‘Tiyita bea’”; Rodríguez Sáenz, Hijas; Rodríguez Sáenz, “Divorcio y violencia”; Palomo de Lewin, “Vida conyugal”; Lavrin, ed., Sexuality and Marriage ; Seed, To Love; Stern, Secret History; Christiansen, Disobedience; Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens; Shumway, Case of the Ugly Suitor; Caulfield, Chambers, and Putnam, eds., Honor. 24. For the colonial era see, for example, Few, Women Who Live Evil Lives; Stern, Peru’s Indian Peoples; Stern, Secret History; Schroeder, Wood, and Haskett , eds., Indian Women; and Taylor, Drinking. For the national era see Christiansen , Disobedience; Díaz, Female Citizens, 72–73, 167; Findlay, “Courtroom Tales”; Hünefeldt, Liberalism in the Bedroom; and O’Connor, Gender. 25. Guy, Sex and Danger; Lauderdale Graham, “Slavery’s Impasse”; McCreery, “‘This Life of Misery’”; K. Ruggiero, “Honor”; Besse, “Crimes of Passion.” 26. Butler, Psychic Life of Power, 12–18. 27. J. W. Scott, “Gender”; J. W. Scott, Gender; A. Burton, “History Practice,” 149. For a cogent critique of historians’ tendency to approach patriarchy as a conclusion , see Gauderman, Women’s Lives. 28. Restall, Maya World, 121–140. Schroeder, Wood, and Haskett, eds., Indian Women, especially Haskett, “Activist or Adulteress?”; Kellogg, “From Parallel and Equivalent”; Offutt, “Women’s Voices from the Frontier”; and Sousa, “Women and Crime.” Gosner and Kanter, eds., Women, Power, and Resistance, especially Few, “Women, Religion, and Power”; Kanter, “Native Female Land Tenure”; and Restall , “‘He Wished It in Vain.’” 29. Kanter, “Native Female Land Tenure”; Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens; Christiansen, Disobedience; Caulfield, “Getting into Trouble,” 163; O’Connor, Gender , xiv; Black, Limits of Gender Domination. 30. Dore, Myths of Modernity, 4–5; Dore and Molyneux, eds., Hidden Histories, especially Dore, “Property, Households, and Public Regulation”; Guy, “Parents before the Tribunals”; and Vaughn, “Modernizing Patriarchy.” 31. Saladino García, “La función social”; Dore, “One Step Forward,” 15; Hünefeldt , Liberalism in the Bedroom, 14; Díaz, “Women”; Aguirre and Salvatore, “Introduction ,” 23; Parker, “‘Gentlemanly Responsibility,’” 112; Piccato, “Politics,” 346. 32. República de Guatemala, Código civil . . . 1877, xii. 33. Ibid., for example, articles 151, 153, and 286. Notes to Pages 8–12 265 34. Sieder...