This Is Jerusalem Calling: State Radio in Mandate Palestine

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. “Balfour Declaration 1917,” Yale Law School, Avalon Project Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th _century/balfour.asp. Last accessed Mar. 15, 2012. 2. The Husayn-McMahon correspondence, which recorded the negotiations between Great Britain and Sharif Husayn between 1914 and 1916, included the Meccans’ commitment to revolting against the Ottoman Empire and British promises of funding, support for an independent Hijaz, and support for an independent Arab state with unspecified territorial boundaries. Among Arabs, the Husayn-McMahon correspondence was taken as a sign of British untrustworthiness when news broke of British-French negotiations to divide the Levant into British and French territories, as captured in the SykesPicot Agreement of 1916. 3. “San Remo Resolution,” Apr. 24, 1920, accessed via the Council on Foreign Relations’ “Essential Documents,” www.cfr.org/israel/san-remo-resolu tion/p15248. Last accessed Mar. 15, 2012. 4. Assaf Likhovski, Law and Identity in Mandate Palestine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 21–23. 5. Population statistics vary; the lower numbers here come from Likhovski, Law and Identity, and the higher ones from Amos Nadan, The Palestinian Peasant Economy under the Mandate: A Story of Colonial Bungling (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006). The Survey of Palestine gave the population as 649,048 in 1922 and as 1,673,071 in 1944. A Survey of Palestine Prepared for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry (Jerusalem : Government Printer, 1946), 141. 6. “Palestine Broadcasting Begun,” Palestine Post, Mar. 31, 1936, p. 8 7. Ibid. 8. The Berne-based International Broadcasting Union (Union Internationale de la Radiodiffusion), which held several regulatory conferences in the 1920s and 1930s, assigned frequencies. See Documents de la conférence eu- 204 Notes for page 7 ropéenne des radiocommunications Lucerne (Berne: Bureau International de l’Union Télégraphique, 1933). 9. See, e.g., Douglas Boyd, “Development of Egypt’s Radio: Voice of the Arabs under Nasser,” Journalism Quarterly 52, no. 4 (1975): 645–653; Louise Bourgualt, Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995). Other studies include Mordechai Avida, “Broadcasting in Israel,” Middle Eastern Affairs 3, no. 1 (Nov. 1952): 321–327; Leslie John Martin, “Press and Radio in Palestine under the British Mandate,” Journalism Quarterly 26, no. 2 (June 1949): 186–193 (Avida had worked for the Hebrew section of the PBS and continued to work at its successor, Kol Yisrael, and Martin was an American who had grown up in Palestine); Douglas Boyd, “Hebrew-Language Clandestine Radio Broadcasting during the British Palestine Mandate,” Journal of Radio Studies 6, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 101–115; Derek J. Penslar, “Radio and the Shaping of Modern Israel, 1936–1973,” in Nationalism, Zionism, and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond, ed. Michael Berkowitz (Leiden: Brill, 2004) (focuses on post-1948 developments in Israeli radio broadcasting but begins with a summary of the history and impact of the PBS’s Hebrew section); Eytan Almog, “A Wireless Broadcasting Station in Palestine: The First Hebrew Radio Station in the World,” Qesher 20 (Nov. 1996) [Hebrew]; Tamar Liebes and Zohar Kampf, “‘Hello! This Is Jerusalem Calling’: The Revival of Spoken Hebrew on the Mandatory Radio (1936–1948),” Journal of Israeli History 29, no. 2 (2010): 137–158. See also Danny Kaplan’s study on the production of national time via Israeli radio broadcasting: Danny Kaplan, “The Songs of the Siren: Engineering National Time on Israeli Radio,” Cultural Anthropology 24, no. 2 (May 2009): 313–345; Douglas Boyd, Egyptian Radio: Tool of Political and National Development (Lexington, KY: Association for Education in Journalism, 1977); Edmund de Schweinitz Brunner, “Rural Communications Behavior and Attitudes in the Middle East,” Rural Sociology 18, no. 2 (June 1953): 149–156. 10. See Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, 3 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1979); Asa Briggs, The BBC: The First Fifty Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985); Peter Partner, Arab Voices: The BBC Arabic Service, 1938–1988 (London: BBC External Service, 1988). See also Gerard Mansell, Let Truth Be Told: 50 Years of BBC External Broadcasting (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1982); Christian Brochand, Histoire générale de la radio et de la télévision en France, 2 vols. (Paris: Documentation Française, 1994); Susan Smulyan, Selling Radio: The Commercialization of American Broadcasting, 1920–1934 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994); Robert McChesney, Telecommunications, Mass Media and Democracy: The Battle for Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928...