Climate and Culture Change in North America AD 900–1600

Index

index Note: Italic page numbers refer to maps. Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico, 144, 164 acorns: and Arkansas Toltec culture, 30; and Caddoan people, 25 Adorno, Rolena, 129, 184n17 agave: in American Southwest, 91; and Paquimé, 71 Agave lechuguilla, 71 agrarian societies: and Little Ice Age, 64, 79, 90, 98, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114–115, 117, 118, 120, 124, 149, 152–153, 162, 163, 166; and Medieval Warm Period, 16–18, 20, 33–34, 35, 40, 46, 48, 49–50, 52, 56, 65, 98, 117, 149, 150, 155, 156, 161; vulnerability to climate change, 3–4, 13, 15, 66, 87–88, 166, 167, 169n12 Aguacaleyquen village, Florida, 135 Aguayo, San Miguel de, 127 Ahumada: atalayas of, 70, 130; ceramics of, 97; faunal remains of, 96; and Jornada Mogollon people, 73 Alabama: agriculture in, 156; Spanish expeditions in, 165. See also Black Warrior River Valley, Alabama; Moundville, Alabama Alibate flint, 99, 110 Altithermal Period, 10, 114, 166 amaranth: in American Southwest, 39, 43, 56, 57, 73, 130; in Chaco Canyon, 19; long-distance trade in, 129; in Paquimé, 72; in Southern Plains, 96; in TransMississippi South, 76 Amarantus, distribution of, 178n34 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 10, 14 American Sign Language, 134 American Southeast: agriculture of, 4, 20, 32, 35, 46, 50, 59, 63, 79, 87–88, 90, 118, 126, 154, 155, 160; area represented by, 6; art of, 160; climate and culture change in, 5–6, 12; cosmology of multilayered universe, 82, 105; cultigens of, 75; and De Soto–Moscoso expedition, 147; and droughts, 88; and Early Medieval Cool Period, 154; eleventh century developments of, 35, 46–48; fifteenth century developments in, 109, 110–112, 118–119; fifteenth-century trade routes, 111; fourteenth century developments in, 103–106; and Little Ice Age, 138, 165, 166; map of, 6–7; and Medieval Warm Period, 155, 166; mound construction in, 11, 12–13, 51–52; settlement patterns of, 51, 79, 154; Spanish expeditions of, 5, 9, 121, 124; tenth century developments of, 31–32; tenth century transition sites, 17; thirteenth century developments in, 63, 65, 79–86; twelfth century developments in, 50, 51–52, 59–63; and walled cities, 68. See also specific sites and peoples American Southwest: agriculture of, 4, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 32, 35, 39, 43, 46, 50, 52, 202 Climate and Culture Change in North America 54, 59, 63, 68, 87–88, 90, 98, 108–109, 117, 118, 126, 154, 155, 160, 162, 164; area represented by, 6; bison in, 43, 73; and Cabeza de Vaca, 131; climate and culture change in, 5–6; Coronado expedition of, 144, 147; cosmology of, 105; and droughts, 87; and Early Medieval Cool Period, 154; eleventh century developments in, 35, 36–43, 48; fifteenth century developments in, 108–109; fifteenthcentury trade routes, 111; fortifications, 83; fortresses of, 68; fourteenth century developments in, 90–96, 98; line-ofsight communication systems of, 38, 83; and Little Ice Age, 164, 166; map of, 6–7; and Medieval Warm Period, 16, 155, 166; settlement patterns of, 51, 89, 109, 117, 154; Spanish expeditions of, 5, 9, 121, 123, 124, 147; tenth century developments in, 17–23, 32; thirteenth century developments in, 66–75, 79, 86; twelfth century developments in, 50, 51, 52–57, 59, 63. See also specific sites and peoples Anasazi people: abandonment of Four Corners area, 4, 162, 163; and ceremonial birds, 42; in fourteenth century, 91; Fremont people compared to, 19, 20; residents of Great Houses as percentage of population, 37; and tropical cultigens , 157. See also Chaco Canyon Anderson, David G.: on climate and culture changes, 8, 16, 124, 167; comparison of American Southwest and Southeast, 46, 61; on Irene site, 8, 62–63, 85, 86, 105–106; on Little Ice Age, 79, 117–118, 165; on maize, 83; on Medieval Warm Period, 16, 46, 155; on mound construction , 11, 12–13, 32; on Poverty Point, 11; on Roman Warm Period, 161–162; on Savannah River Valley, 8, 32, 48, 109, 119 Angelina River, 109 antelope: in American Southwest, 43, 110; in Chaco Canyon, 18, 67; and Hohokam people, 93; in nan Ranch Ruin site, 21; and Paquimé, 97; in Southern Plains, 116, 127, 164 Antelope Creek villages: agriculture of, 66, 75, 86, 109, 114–115, 116, 145, 163; architecture of, 75, 114; and bison migration, 75, 76, 90, 98, 114, 115, 116, 163; bone tools of, 76; collapse of, 166; in fifteenth century, 109, 115, 116; foraging in, 66, 163–164; in fourteenth century, 90...