Climate and Culture Change in North America AD 900–1600

Notes

notes Introduction 1. See Lamb, Climate, History, and the Modern World. See also Bradley and Jones, Climate since AD 1500 and Grove, The Little Ice Age. 2. Lamb, Climate, History and the Modern World, 166–194. 3. Ibid., 180, 194–211. 4. In his 1995 second edition of Climate, History and the Modern World, Lamb mentions climate change in North America in several new paragraphs on pages 186, 209–210, and 241. 5. Rosen, Civilizing Climate, 177. 6. See Parkinson, Coming Climate Crisis?, 70. In his 2005 assessment of climate change in prehistory, the British climatologist William J. Burroughs defines the Medieval Warm Period as “a period of relative warmth in northern Europe between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries.” Burroughs, Climate Change in Prehistory, 318. 7. National Research Council, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 years. 8. Ibid., 2. 9. Ibid., 6, 38–39. 10. Ibid., 2. 11. Ibid., 43–44. 12. Ibid., 43. In their 2010 study of climate change and human evolution, Renée Hetherington and Robert G. B. Reid stress the special connection between climate change and agrarian societies. See Hetherington and Reid, The Climate Connection: Climate Change and Modern Human Evolution, 235–268. 13. National Research Council, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years, 43. 14. Ibid., 38. For a recent study using sediment reports and related proxies to reconstruct the climate change on the Greek island of Crete, see Rackham and Moody, The Making of the Cretan Landscape. 15. As changes in global climate patterns are reflected in coeval changes in global sea levels, marine scientists have their own toponyms to identify warm periods (with sea-level “highs”) and cool periods (with sea-level “lows”). In his study of global climatic episodes and coeval changes in sea level, William H. Marquardt equates the Roman Warm Period (ca. 300 bc to ad 400) with the “Wulfert High,” the Early Medieval Cool Period (ca. 500 ad to ad 900) with the “Buck Key Low,” the Medieval Warm Period with the “La Costa High,” and the Little Ice Age with the “Sanibel II Low.” See Marquardt, “Shell Mounds in the Southeast,” Table 1, 559. 170 Notes to Pages 5–9 16. Ibid., 38. 17. Mathien, Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin; Fagan, Chaco Canyon : Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society; Lekson, ed., The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon; and Neitzel, Pueblo Bonito. 18. Fish and Fish, The Hohokam Millennium. 19. Brody, Mimbres Painted Pottery; Shafer, Archaeology of the NAN Ranch Ruins; Woosley and McIntyre, Mimbres Mogollon Archaeology. 20. Di Peso, Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca. 21. Whalen and Minnis, Casas Grandes and Its Hinterland; Whalen and Minnis, The Neighbors of Casas Grandes; Newell and Gallaga, eds., Surveying the Archaeology of Northwest Mexico; Swanson, “Documenting Prehistoric Communication Networks: A Case Study in the Paquimé Polity.” 22. Shafer, Archaeology of the Ojasen (41EP289) and Gobernadora (41EP321) Sites, El Paso County , Texas; Mallouf et al., The Rosillo Peak Site; Ohl, The Paradise Site; Cloud, The Arroyo de la Presa Site; Seebach, Late Prehistory along the Rimrock. 23. Turpin, “The Lower Pecos River Region of Texas and Northern Mexico”; Kirkland and Newcomb, The Rock Art of Texas Indians; and Carolyn E. Boyd, Rock Art of the Lower Pecos. 24. Brooks, “From Stone Slab Architecture to Abandonment,” 331–346; Boyd, “The Palo Duro Complex,” 296–330; Johnson and Holliday, “Archaeology and Late Quaternary Environment of the Southern High Plains,” 283–295. 25. See Collins, “Archeology in Central Texas,” 101–126; Hester, “The Prehistory of South Texas,” 127–154; Ricklis, “Prehistoric Occupation of the Central and Lower Texas Coast”; Weinstein, Archaeology and Paleography of the Lower Guadalupe River/San Antonio Bay Region. 26. Perttula, “The Prehistoric and Caddoan Archeology of the Pineywoods,” 370–407; Story, “1968–1970 Archeological Investigations at the George C. Davis Site,” 68; Perttula and Rogers, “The Evolution of a Caddo Community in Northeast Texas: The Oak Hill Village Site (41rk214), Rusk County, Texas,” 71–94. 27. Brown, The Spiro Ceremonial Center. 28. Rolingson, “Plum Bayou Culture of the Arkansas White River Basin,” 44–65; also Rolingson, Toltec Mounds and Plum Bayou Culture; and Akridge, ed., “Papers in Honor of Martha Ann Rolingson.” 29. Pauketat, Cahokia, Ancient America’s Great City on the Mississippi; Pauketat, Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians; Emerson, Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power. 30. Knight and Steponaitis, Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom; Blitz, Moundville; Wilson, The Archaeology of Everyday Life...