Citizens and Sportsmen: Fútbol and Politics in Twentieth-Century Chile

Notes

introduction Shankly,bestknownforhismanagementoftheLiverpoolFootballClub,wascredited with many quips. I have been unable to find the original source of the oft-cited one that serves as the chapter epigraph.A version appeared in the Times: “Football is not just a matter of life and death—it’s much more important than that”(Lowe,“Shankly . . . Soccer’s True Folk Hero,” 30). 1. Vallerand and others, “On Passion and Sports Fans.” 2. Levine, “Sport and Society,” 233. 3. Avirtualcottageindustryofeditedvolumeshasappearedoverthelasttwenty years, including Armstrong, Guilianotti, and Toulis, Entering the Field; Miller and Crolley, Football in the Americas; and Arbena, Latin American Sport. Pioneering monographs include Archetti, Masculinities; Matta, Carnival, Rogues, and Heroes; Lever, Soccer Madness; Mason, Passion of the People? Santa Cruz, Crónica de un Encuentro; and Stein, Lima Obrera, –. Influential histories of other sports include Dimeo, “‘With Political Pakistan in the Offing’”; Bloom and Nevin, Sports Matters; and James, Beyond a Boundary. 4. This diverges from traditional narratives that emphasize sports as part of the political miseducation of workers; see, for example, Wheeler, “Organized Sport and Organized Labour.” 5. Quoted in Dreyfus and Rabinow, Michel Foucault, 159. 6. Uruguay is an important exception to the relative political instability of the region. Its early success in football, including the hosting of the first World Cup, in 1930, makes it a fascinating place to study football and politics. Although relatively little attention has been paid to the history of Uruguayan football, it is an emerging area of research; see, for example, Giulianotti, “Built by the Two Varelas.” 7. Admittedly,thisbookrepresentsonlyapartialengagementwiththesethemes. For example, debates about the importance of political economy for the functioning of civic associations or about people’s attitudes toward their governments are hardly notes Notes to Pages 3–6 255 touched upon. For a good overview of disciplinary concerns, see Edwards, Foley, and Diani, Beyond Tocqueville. 8. Putnam, Bowling Alone; Tilly, Democracy. For an excellent review of this literature in Latin America, see Forment, Democracy in Latin America, –, and Piccato, “Public Sphere in Latin America.” 9. Weyland, “Neoliberalism and Democracy in Latin America.” 10. Bourdieu, “Sport and Social Class.” 11. Influential studies of the historical relationship between democracy,cultural practices, and civic associations in Latin America, which were especially rich in the nineteenthcentury,includeGuardino,IntheTimeofLiberty;Piccato,“PublicSphere in Latin America”; Sábato, La Política en las Calles; and Williams, Culture Wars in Brazil. For a critique of the assumption that there is a positive correlation between civic associations and democracy, see Yashar, “Democracy, Indigenous Movements, and the Postliberal Challenge in Latin America.” 12. Arturo Valenzuela, Political Brokers in Chile. 13. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. 14. Fraser, “Rethinking the Public Sphere.” 15. Eliasoph, Avoiding Politics. 16. Sábato, La Política en las Calles; Forment, Democracy in Latin America. Forment has recently studied the politics of contemporary football in Argentina (“The Democratic Dribbler”). 17. The sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset found this function of civic associations to be an indispensable feature of democracy (“The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited”). 18. Salazar, Labradores, Peones y Proletarios; Gazmuri, El “” Chileno. For parallels in Peru, see García-Bryce, “Politics by Peaceful Means.” 19. Posner,“LocalDemocracyandtheTransformationofPopularParticipation in Chile.” 20. Ibid., 59. 21. Posada-Carbó, “Electoral Juggling”; Samuel Valenzuela, “Making Sense of Suffrage Expansion and Electoral Institutions in Latin America.” 22. Asad, Formations of the Secular. 23. Forment, Democracy in Latin America; Uribe-Uran, “The Birth of the Public Sphere in Latin America during the Age of Revolution.” 24. Yeager, “Female Apostolates and Modernization in Mid-Nineteenth Century Chile.” 25. As Jeremy Adelman summarized, “The challenge for liberals was how to transform such a coercive engagement with the market into voluntary participation, or at least to create practices that made the metropolitan-colonial relations appear less contrived from above” (“Latin American Longues Durees,” 236). As Claudio Lomnitz demonstrated in the case of Mexico, the attempt to create a national culture was mostly an intellectual project that never created the deep fraternal relationships Notes to Pages 6–10 256 thatBenedictAndersonsuggestedinhisfamedImaginedCommunities(seeLomnitz, Deep Mexico, Silent Mexico). 26. Costa, Nirvana, 285. Indeed, Simón Bolívar predicted, “If any American republic is to have a long life, I am inclined to believe it will be Chile” (Bolívar, “Jamaica Letter,” 21). 27. Bryce, South America, 223. 28. Ibid. Bryce flatters Chileans political institutions; the election he observed had been fixed by a backroom arrangement. 29. Smith, Temperate Chile, 15. 30. For an analysis...