A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century: Updated and Revised Edition

Glossary of Spanish Terms

G l o s s a r y o f S p a n i s h T e r m s apertura Literally an “opening up,” a period of relaxed restrictions, applied to both the economy and society. arrendatario A sharecropper, especially in the littoral. carapintadas Hard-line faction in the Argentine army, which undertook several rebellions against the government in the late s and early s. caudillo In the nineteenth century, a warlord. In the twentieth century, a political boss or charismatic political leader. chacareros Small farmers who owned some or all of the land they worked. clasismo In the s, a working-class movement devoted to class struggle and the establishment of a socialist state. colonos Agricultural colonists, especially in Santa Fe province. conventillo Immigrant tenement, especially in Buenos Aires. corralito The “little corral,” a freezing of the country’s bank deposits decreed by the government, which helped ignite the December  protests. criollo A creole, or native-born Argentine. desaparecidos Victims of the state terrorism of the s who were “disappeared.” desarrollismo Literally “developmentalism,” an economic program and political movement associated with President Arturo Frondizi (‒) which stressed deepening industrialization through a partnership with multinational capital and reaching a political accommodation with the leading “factors of power.” . . . . . 395 destape After the restoration of democracy in the s, the initial euphoric period of restored civil liberties and free artistic and intellectual expression. foquismo The guerrilla theory according to which armed struggle can help to create revolutionary conditions. piqueteros “Pickets,” groups of the unemployed from the poorest neighborhoods who engage in new forms of social protest, such as street blockades. porteño A resident of the city of Buenos Aires. puntero A political ward boss. referente A political arbiter at the neighborhood level who distributes jobs and social welfare benefits. renovadores The reformist current in the Peronist movement during the late s and early s. transversalidad Néstor Kirchner’s political strategy of broad party inclusion in governing based on shared principles rather than partisan loyalties. unicato The period of oligarchical political rule in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. vandorismo A current within the trade union movement associated with labor leader Augusto Vandor that employed a pragmatic approach in its dealings with business and politically sought to free the Peronist movement from Perón’s direct control. Glossar y 396 . . . . . ...