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1. Map of Italy. This material originated on the Interactive Ancient Mediterranean Web site (http:// iam.classics.unc.edu). It has been copied, reused, or redistributed under the terms of IAM’s fair-use policy. © 1998, Interactive Ancient Mediterranean. 2. Parma’s episcopal square (now Piazza del Duomo) and communal square (now Piazza Garibaldi) created between 1196 and 1296. Detail from Paolo Ponzoni, Pianta della città di Parma in prospettiva (Piacenza: Francesco Conti, 1572), woodcut, after an earlier drawing. ASPr, Raccolta Mappe e Disegni, vol. 2, no. 13. 3. Aerial view of Parma’s Piazza del Duomo, or cathedral square, from the northwest, 2004. Photo: Carlo Ferrari. 4. Aerial view of Parma’s Piazza Garibaldi, the former communal government square, from the south, 2004. Photo: Carlo Ferrari. 5. Diagram of Roman Parma. Photo: Royal Air Force, United Kingdom, 1944, neg. 174278, used with permission from the Aerofototeca, Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Rome. © Foto Aerofoto- , Rome. © Foto Aerofototeca Nazionale—ICCD. 6. The city’s two principal canals, the Canale Comune and the Canale Maggiore. Detail from Giuseppe Cocconcelli, “Compendio del Corso di tutti li Canali, Canadelle, Condotti, e Scoli sotterranei della Città di Parma,” 1765. ASCP, ms, no. 1, cubo 7, cassetto 1.6, Canali e canaletti. 7. Diagram of Parma c. 1190. Photo: Royal Air Force, United Kingdom, 1944, neg. 174278, used with permission from the Aerofototeca, Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Rome. © Foto Aerofototeca Nazionale—ICCD. 8. Traces of the arcade of the imperial Palazzo dell’Arena, built into part of the city’s Roman amphitheater, remain engulfed in the later masonry of the Collegio Maria Luigia on borgo Lalatta, Parma. Photo: author. 9. In this statue made at the time of Charles of Anjou’s appointment as senator of Rome, he is seated on a classicizing curule chair. Arnolfo di Cambio, Charles of Anjou, c. 1277–81. Capitoline Museums, Rome. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, N.Y. 10. Parma’s episcopal square, as represented in the late sixteenth century. Detail from Paolo Ponzoni, Pianta della città di Parma in prospettiva (Piacenza: Francesco Conti, 1572), woodcut, after an earlier drawing. ASPr, Raccolta Mappe e Disegni, vol. 2, no. 13. 11. Reconstruction diagram, the cathedral piazza of Parma c. 1195. 12. Detail of the facade of the Duomo, Parma. Photo: Seth C. Jayson. Illustrations x I L LU S T R AT I O N S 13. Plan of the bishop’s palace of Parma. 14. Aerial view of the bishop’s palace from the northwest in 1961. Photo: Fotocielo, neg. 225359, used with permission from the Aerofototeca, Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Rome. © Foto Aerofototeca Nazionale—ICCD. 15. Baptistery of Parma from the north. Photo: Seth C. Jayson. 16. Reconstruction diagram, the cathedral piazza of Parma, 1196–1216. 17. Baptistery of Cremona from the north. Photo: Seth C. Jayson. 18. Analytical diagram of the north elevation of the baptistery, Parma, illustrating how aspects of the baptistery’s design derive from a 7-meter module. From an engraving by Piero Sottili after a drawing by G. Bertoluzzi, in Michele Lopez, Il Battistero di Parma (Parma: Giacomo Ferrari, 1864), fig. 4. 19. Rotation of the square by 45 degrees to derive successive measurements from the original base module. 20. Analytical diagram illustrating the dimensional correspondence between the baptistery and cathedral facades. 21. Platea Maior, Cremona. Detail of the map of Cremona in Antonio Campi, Cremona fedelissima città et nobilissima colonia de Romani rappresentata in disegno col suo contado: Et illustrata d’una breue historia delle cose più notabili appartenenti ad essa et de i ritratti naturali de duchi et duchesse di Milano e compendio delle lor vite (Cremona: Hippolito Tromba & Hercoliano Bartoli, 1585), after p. lxxviii. Courtesy of the University of Illinois Rare Book and Manuscripts Library. 22. Analytical drawing representing the process used in the siting of the baptistery of Parma. 23. Analytical drawing representing the Parma baptistery portals. 24. West portal, baptistery of Parma. Photo: Seth C. Jayson. 25. North (piazza) portal, baptistery of Parma. Photo: Seth C. Jayson. 26. Tympanum and lintel of the north portal, baptistery of Parma. Photo: Seth C. Jayson. 27. View of the baptistery from the strada al Duomo. Photo: Robert G. La France. 28. Reconstruction diagram, the cathedral piazza of Parma c. 1235. 29. Eastern facade, bishop’s palace...

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