The Colonels' Coup and the American Embassy: A Diplomat's View of the Breakdown of Democracy in Cold War Greece

Notes

Notes PROLOGUE 1. MacVeagh to Roosevelt, Oct. 15, 1944, Ambassador MacVeagh Reports: Greece, 1933– 1947, ed. John O. Iatrides (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), 627. 2. Ambassador MacVeagh Reports, 583. 3. Ibid., 608. 4. Ibid., 659–62. 5. Lawrence S. Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943–1949 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 67. 6. Ibid. 7. Ambassador MacVeagh Reports, 711. 8. Ibid., 713. 9. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), 1948, vol. 4, 12. 10. John O. Iatrides, ‘‘The United States and Greece in the Twentieth Century,’’ in Greece in the Twentieth Century, ed. Theodore A. Couloumbis, Theodore Kariotis, and Fotini Bellou (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 80. 11. Wilson D. Miscambie, George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947–1950 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 82. 12. Ambassador MacVeagh Reports, 727. 13. Ibid., 723. 14. Ibid., 713–14. 15. Iatrides, ‘‘United States and Greece,’’ 83. 16. U.S. Association for Diplomatic Studies, ‘‘Dealing with Greece: Fifty Years (1940– 1990): American Diplomats Recount Their Experiences’’ (manuscript, 1993), 99. 17. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 24, 598. 18. FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. 16, 614. 19. Ibid., 617. 20. Ibid., 662–63. 21. Ibid., 664–66. 22. Ibid., 667–68. 23. Ibid., 673. 24. Ibid., 676–79. 25. Ibid., 686–87. 26. Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 419. 27. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 16, 412–15. 28. Iatrides, ‘‘United States and Greece,’’ 98. 29. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 16, 416–18. 30. Ibid., 418–19. 31. Ibid., 422–23. 32. Ibid., 425n4. 33. Ibid., 426–27. 34. Ibid., 427n3. 35. Ibid., 430. CHAPTER 1 1. Hannah Arendt has written that in our century memoirs ‘‘have become the most deceitful genre of literature’’ (New York Review of Books, November 18, 1971, 31). 2. In bureaucratic slang this is called ‘‘bootlegging a copy.’’ 3. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 402–3. 4. Relevant portions of Colonel Marshall’s testimony before the subcommittee are: ‘‘I know from previous testimony that it is now pretty well established that there was no imminent danger of a Communist takeover at the time the coup took place. That is, none that would justify military seizure of power. . . . ‘‘Now, in that perspective what did happen was not what romantics would call a revolution. It was an open mutiny by the armed forces, and rebellion by those mutineers against the King and the Constitution of Greece. All subsequent events bear witness to that view. . . . ‘‘In my opinion this is the most important aspect of the Greek situation and the greatest danger for the future Greek-American and Greek-NATO relations: the belief on the part of the Greek people that the United States did support this mutiny and that it continues to do so. It is my opinion that it is very necessary we convince the Greek people that we did not and do not support this junta.’’ House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Greece, Spain, and the Southern NATO Strategy: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Europe of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, 92nd Congress, 1st sess., 1971, 115–16. CHAPTER 2 1. The CIA is often accused of arranging the overthrow of ‘‘hostile’’ regimes. In reality it expends much more money, energy, and brainpower saving ‘‘friendly’’ regimes from being overthrown. 2. Compare Roger Hilsman, writing about Vietnam: ‘‘Thus the new leader would necessarily be anti-foreign, and he would talk and act as anti-American as he could without actually denying himself American support.’’ To Move a Nation (New York: Doubleday, 1967), 366. 3. It is curious that Andreas, supposedly so hostile to NATO, was planning to attend a conference of economists of the NATO member countries scheduled to be held in Rome in the summer of 1967. By the time it was held he was languishing in Averoff Prison. A petition protesting his imprisonment was circulated at the conference and was reportedly signed by all the economists attending. 258 notes to pages xxii–30 4. In his book Democracy at Gunpoint: The Greek Front (New York: Doubleday, 1970), 106–12. I have also heard this account from Andreas directly, when he admitted more candidly that he had suggested Campbell’s recall to Carl Kaysen. 5. FRUS vol. 16 was prepared and completed by editor James E...