Letters to Power: Public Advocacy Without Public Intellectuals

Notes

NOTES chapter 1 1. Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe (New York: Basic Books, 1987); Richard A. Posner, Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001). 2. Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957). 3. These characterizations derive from the audience design framework of Allan Bell, “Language Style as Audience Design,” Language and Society 13, no. 2 (June 1984): 145–204. See also Allan Bell, “Back in Style: Reworking Audience Design,” in Style and Sociolinguistic Variation, ed. Penelope Eckert and John R. Rickford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 139–69. 4. Edward W. Said, “The Public Role of Writers and Intellectuals,” in The Public Intellectual, ed. Helen Small (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 28. 5. On the Christian imperative to be in but not of the world, see John 15:19 and 17:11– 19; on the Stoic obligation to live as though dead, see Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 7.2. 6. Interestingly, Kierkegaard saw this characteristically Stoic attitude toward death as a feature of radical Christianity: “Believe that you gain everything; you thereby die to the world. And when you are one who is dead, you lose nothing by losing that which in the understanding of the living is everything.” Søren Kierkegaard, Christian Discourses/The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress, ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 146. 7. Michel Foucault, The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1981– 1982, ed. Frédéric Gros, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), 504. 8. Dante, Inferno, 4.130–44; Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism (Essays: 1972–1980) (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), 92. 9. Karl Jaspers, The Great Philosophers: The Foundations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Ralph Manheim (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962), xi. 10. Peter Sloterdijk, Critique of Cynical Reason, trans. Michael Eldred (1983; repr., Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 16. 11. Leo Strauss, On Tyranny (1963; repr., New York: Free Press, 1991), 205–6. 12. Leo Strauss, Persecution and the Art of Writing (Glencoe: Free Press, 1952), 25. Cf. Leo Strauss, The City and the Man (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964), 54. 13. Strauss was not alone in this argument. On the self-consciously persuasive aspect of philosophical discourse, see also Martin Warner, Philosophical Finesse: Studies in the Art of Rational Persuasion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); John J. Richetti, Philosophical Writings: Locke, Berkeley, Hume (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983). A similar faith in the rhetorical agency of thinking men and women may be found in “contextualist” studies such as those contained in James Tully, ed., Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Anthony Pagden, ed., The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); J. G. A. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). 14. Walter Benjamin, “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1968), 254, 263. 15. See Jacques Derrida, Who’s Afraid of Philosophy? Right to Philosophy I, trans. Jan Plug (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002), 135. 16. On the concept of “minor literature,” see Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature, trans. Dana Polan (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). On its revision as “minor rhetoric,” see Melissa Deem, “Stranger Sociability, Public Hope, and the Limits of Political Transformation,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 88 (2002): 444–54. 17. See Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia , trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 106. 18. Michel Foucault, “Truth and Power,” in Power, ed. James D. Faubion (New York: New Press, 2000), 130. 19. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), N9, 4. 20. See Kenneth Burke, Attitudes Toward History, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 229. 21. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 103. 22. Ernest J. Wrage, “Public Address: A Study in Social and Intellectual History,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 33 (1947): 451–52. 23. Richly annotated discussions of these trends in American higher education may be found in Anthony J. Nocella II, Steven Best, and Peter McLaren, eds., Academic Repression: Reflections from...