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Aburto, Ninfa, 52 Acevedo, Alejandro, 146 Aguado Sevilla, Denis, 115 Aguado, Enoc, 114–15 Agüero, Fernando, 141 Aguilar, Amanda, 152 Ala Femenina, 11, 19, 38, 56, 60–61, 139, 152, 156, 172–73 and Josefa Toledo de Aguerri, 70–71 as Ala Femenina de Juventud Liberal Nicaragüense, 69 attitudes toward marriage and careers, 93–94 clientelistic network, 73–79, 173 coming to terms with Somoza dictatorship , 95 disapproval of feminism, 92 electoral work, 80–82 founding, 60, 69 golden age, 82 opposition to, 82 organizational structure, 74–75 Alemán, Arnoldo, 18, 91, 100, 102, 103–4, 108–9 and “New Right,” 165–68 Alvarez, Rosa (pseudonym), 83–84, 103–5 AMNLAE. See Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women AMPRONAC. See Association of Nicaraguan Women Confronting the Nation’s Problems AMROC. See Association of Retired Military Oªcers, Workers, and Peasants of Nicaragua ANDEN. See National Association of Nicaraguan Educators Arana, Manuel, 119 Arcia, Clementina, 72 Argüello, Cecilia de, 157 Argüello, Miriam, 20, 118 Arizmendi, Elena, 35 Armijo, Modesto, 29 Artola Zamora, Nicolas, 65 Association of Nicaraguan Women Confronting the Nation’s Problems (AMPRONAC), 6, 54, 90 Association of Professional Liberal Women (UMPL), 68–69 Association of Retired Military Oªcers, Workers, and Peasants of Nicaragua (AMROC), 114–15 Atlantic Coast women, 20 Aurora journal, 25, 26 Auyero, Javier on clientelism, 13–14 on Peronism, 104–5, 158 Ayerdis, Ricardo, 90 Behar, Ruth, xi Baker, Suzanne, 156 Baltodano Marcenaro, Ricardo Balladares, Angélica, 19, 40, 163 Baltodano, Mónica, 5–6 Barberena Pérez, Alejandro, 26 Barni, Julián, 119 Barrios de Chamorro, Violeta. See Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de Batahola (neighborhood), Fig. 14 Beezley, William, 61 Benavides, Clara (pseudonym), 77–78 Betanco, Leonel, 118 Blee, Kathleen, 87, 88, 112 Bonilla Muñoz, Gladys, 71, 72 Booth, John, 7 Borge de Sotomayor, Amelia, 72 as Ala Femenina legal counselor, 75 commitment to feminism, 72, 176 I N D E X Borge de Sotomayor, Amelia (continued) Juris Doctorate thesis, 47–48, 55–56, 160 as leader of Ala and ANMU, 69 Borge, Tomás, 20, 114, 125, 147 Bowdler, George, 67 Briones, Ignacio, 47, 58, 73 Campo, Azucena, 91, 92 Cardenal, Ernesto, 152 Cardoso, Ciro F. S., 27–28 Castro Palacio, Faustina, 3–5, 14, 173 Castillo de González, Norma, 4–5 Catholic Church, 8, 29–30 relationship to Alemán and Ortega, 165–8 Centeno Sequeira, Esperanza, 69, 72, 75 Central American Women’s Athenaeum, 70 Central Women’s Committee, 38, 50, 172, 179 Chamorro, Amalia, 146 Chamorro Benard, Emiliano, 52 Chamorro Vargas, Emiliano, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 96, 174 Chamorro, Haydée de, 52 Chamorro, Josefa, 26 Chamorro, Pedro Joaquín, 15, 67 on Somocista sexual corruption, 139–40 Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de, 1, 16, 41 Chávez, Margarita (pseudonym), 99 Chinandega, Fig. 11, 1927 bombing of, 197 n. 9 clientelism, 10, 15, 73–79, 162–65 and maternalism, 156–62 Clubs de Señoras de la Capital, 34 Cobo del Arco, Teresa, 26 on Conservatives and women’s su¤rage, 57 on di¤erences between Liberals and Conservatives, 29–30 Cole Zavala, Margarita, 52–53, 55 Committee for the Regeneration of Fallen Women, 144 Collinson, Helen, 6, 16, 146 Conservatives or Conservative Party, 15, 16, 28, 29, 30, 97, 106, 170 against modernization, 137 alliance with Church against Liberals, 46 support for su¤rage, 47, 49, 52–55, 57– 58, 60 Women’s Conservative Front, 54, 193 n. 3 Women’s Propaganda Committee, 38, 52, 54 Conservative thought, 28–30 Constitutional Liberal Party (PLC) July 1998 convention, 102–3 See also Alemán, Arnoldo Constitutions of Nicaragua on su¤rage, 48–49 Contras and contra war, 11, 100, 101–2, 167 Contreras, R., 31 Cott, Nancy F., 24 Cruz, Rocío (pseudonym), 77 Cruz Sequiera, Consuelo, 125 Cuadra, Bayardo, 115 Cuadra, Gilberto, 111 Cuadra Vega, Luciano, 118 Cubans, exiled, 146 Dario, Rubén, 123–24 Dávila, Melania, 141–42 Debayle de Somoza, Salvadora, 43, Fig. 2 Debayle, Luis H., 43, Fig. 3 Debayle, Luis Manuel, support for women’s rights, 43,48 De Grazia, Victoria, 110 De la Cerda, Manuel Antonio, 25, 186 n. 14 De la Cruz, María. See Aguilar, Amanda De la Cruz, Sor Juana Inés, 31 De Mrs. Hanna a la Dinorah, 140 Derby, Lauren, 41 Deutsch, Sandra McGee, 109, 163 Díaz, Angela, 152 Díaz, Matilde Haydée, 54 Diederich, Bernard, 80, 117–18 discrimination, job and salary, 161 Domínguez, Isabel (pseudonym), 139...

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