Governance in the Americas: Decentralization, Democracy, and Subnational Government in Brazil, Mexico, and the USA

Index

accountability. See government(s), accountability Adams, John (1735–1826), 31 Agricultural Workers’ Union (Brazil), 217 Área de Libra Comercio de las Americas/Free Trade Area of the Americas (ALCA/FTAA), 9, 276. See also trade agreements Argentina, and War of the Triple Alliance, 55 Articles of Confederation (USA), 45, 47–48, 89–90 Asamblea Popular del Pueblo de Oaxaca, 219 associations, 211–15 hometown, 279 industry, 225–27 authoritarianism, in Brazil, 37 balance of powers. See government(s), balance of powers Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), 31 Bill of Rights (USA), 48, 53 Bolsa Escola, 25, 174, 256 Brazil’s “Economic Miracle” (1968–72), 72 Brown vs. Board of Education (1954), 66 “brown zones” (O’Donnell), 269 Bush, George H. W., 75 and fiscal policy, 77 caciques, 29, 166 Calderón, Felipe, and crisis in Oaxaca, 219 Cárdenas, Lázaro, president of Mexico (1934–40), 61 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 80, 112 and fiscal policy, 82 and state reform, 194 centralization, advantages of, 25. See also decentralization; recentralization in Brazil, 64 in Mexico, 59–61 tensions with decentralization, 5 checks and balances, 7, 36–37, 90 defined, 20, 105–7 citizen(s), advocacy, 232 electoral, 8 —rights of, 207–11 participation in government, 6, 230–36, 264 —in Brazil, 137–40 —in Mexico, 7, 8, 134 Civil (Napoleonic) Code, 100 329 Index 330 Index civil rights, 208–11 and indigenous populations, 209 movement (USA), 201 civil society, 200–247, 243t and activism, 229t O’Donnell, 200–201 and policy making, 264–66 and reform (Gramsci), 8 Rousseau, 34 Clinton, William Jefferson, 150 and “New Federalism,” 191 co-governance, 3 defined, 22 measuring efficacy of, 6, 89 “cohabitation” (French), and branches of government, 3 Cold War, 35, 65 and the rise of free trade, 3 colonialism, 250 in Brazil, 43 in Mexico, 41 in the USA, 44 common law, in the USA, 12. See also judicial system; law communitarian principles, as a decentralizing force, 3 Community Action Program (CAP), 131 competition, and the “race to the bottom,” 7, 146, 195 comunidades eclesiais de base (CEBs), 205 Confederación Nacional de Campesinos (CNC), 61, 227 Confederation of Ecuador, 52 consortia, municipal, 183, 256 constitution Argentina, 14 Brazil, 5–6, 51 —Constitution of 1891, 55, 58 —Constitution of 1946, 71, 81 —Constitution of 1988, 73, 81, 135, 105, 112, 147 extraconstitutional measures, 86 “metaconstitutional” powers, 90, 105, 108, 220 Mexico —amendments, 58 —Constitution of Cadiz (1812), 48 —Constitution of 1824, 49–50, 56, 58 —Constitution of 1857, 57–58 —Constitution of 1917, 60, 68 —monitoring, 5–6 —reform, 80 —“Seven Laws of 1835,” 57 reform of (Latin America), 21 U.S. Constitution (1787), 45, 47, 53 —framing of, 7 —and judicial review, 5 —reform, 21, 54 —restraints on executive power, 110 —and separation of powers, 7 controlled inclusion (Oxhorn), 204 Cortés, Hernán, 41 Cortez de Cadiz, 39, 49. See also constitution, Mexico council(s), consultative and statutory, 6 in Brazil, 138 criminal justice system, need for reform, 4 debt, national in Brazil, 55, 168 in Mexico, 162 decentralization, 1–10, 23–28 in Brazil, 194 challenges to, 271–73 and citizen participation, 244 fiscal, 29, 154–62 heterogenous (USA), 91 “horizontal” (Rodríguez), defined, 89, 140 Index 331 and industrialization, 24 intragovernmental relations, 145–99 —defined, 89 in Mexico, 151, 191–92, 195 negative aspects of, 268–69 opposition to, 253 “pendulum” metaphor, 9, 249 and public policy, 147–54 under Reagan (USA), 77 sectoral variations, 255–57 separation of powers, 6 spatial and temporal, 252–55 tensions created by, 248–50 and underrepresented groups, 11 democracy, 3–5, 35–37. See also government(s); government(s), systems of, democratic in Brazil, 37, 71, 81 and the common good, 5 and gender, 122 in Mexico, 37, 69 participatory, 6–7, 32, 89, 129–40, 184 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act (USA), 131 Department of Homeland Security, national security and, 4 development, sustainable, 172 devolution, 269. See also federalism defined, 191 Díaz, Porfirio (1830–1915), 40, 57–61 division of powers, 36, 84 Brazil, 82 defined, 20 Dom João VI (João de Bragança), 50 Dom Pedro I, and the dissolving of the Constituent Assembly, 51 Dom Pedro II, and coup d’état (1889), 54, 58 economic(s), economy. See also debt; finance; Great Depression in Brazil, 14 —colonial, 43 —restructuring of, 81 and communication technology, 25 crises (Mexico), 159 and diseconomies of scale, 10 employment/unemployment...