Templars and Hospitallers as Professed Religious in the Holy Land

Notes

notes Prologue 1. See Kaspar Elm, Umbilicus Mundi (Sint-Kruis, 1998), pp. 498‒506; Christian Vogel, Das Recht der Templer (Münster, 2007), pp. 229‒33. 2. Jonathan Riley-Smith, “Towards a History of the Military-Religious Orders,” The Hospitallers, the Mediterranean and Europe, ed. Karl Borchardt, Nikolas Jaspert, and Helen Nicholson (Aldershot, 2007), p. 269. 3. D’Arcy Jonathan D. Boulton, The Knights of the Crown (Woodbridge, 1987), p. xviii and passim; Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), pp. 179‒99. 4. The process is briefly described in Anthony Luttrell, “The Military Orders, 1312‒1798,” The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith (Oxford, 1995), pp. 348‒50. See also Luis Adão Fonseca, “The Portuguese Military Orders and the Oceanic Navigations: From Piracy to Empire ,” The Military Orders, vol 4, On Land and by Sea, ed. Judith Upton-Ward (Aldershot, 2008), pp. 63‒73. In England, King Henry VIII seems to have toyed with the idea of converting the grand priory of St John into an Order of the Crown with the function of defending Calais; Gregory O’Malley, The Knights Hospitaller of the English Langue 1460 ‒1565 (Oxford, 2005), pp. 179‒84, 335. 5. See Luis Adão Fonseca, “As Ordens Militares e a Expansão,” A Alta Nobreza e a Fundação do Estado da Índia (Lisbon, 2004), pp. 325‒47; Luis Adão Fonseca, “La storiografia dell’espansione marittima portoghese (secc. XIV–XV),” Bullettino dell’Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo 106 (2004), 299‒346; Isabel Morgado S.E. Silva and Maria Cristina Pimenta, “As Ordens de Santiago e de Cristo e a Fundação do Estado da Índia: Uma Perspectiva de Estudo,” A Alta Nobreza e a Fundação do Estado da Índia (Lisbon, 2004), pp. 349‒87. 71 6. Riley-Smith, “Towards a History,” pp. 270‒73. 7. For surveys of this period, see Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge, 1994); Alain Demurger, Les Templiers: Une chevalerie chrétienne au moyen âge (Paris, 2005); Pierre-Vincent Claverie, L’Ordre du Temple en Terre Sainte et à Chypre au XIIIe siècle, 3 vols (Nicosia, 2005); Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050 ‒1310 (London, 1967). 8. For recent examples, see Jochen Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars. History, Organization, and Personnel (1099/1120 ‒1310) (Leiden and Boston, 2008); Pierre Bonneaud, Le prieuré de Catalogne, le couvent de Rhodes et la couronne d’Aragon 1415‒1447 (Millau, 2004); Michael Gervers, The Hospitaller Cartulary in the British Library (Cotton MS Nero E VI) (Toronto, 1981); Michael Gervers, “Pro defensione Terre Sancte: The Development and Exploitation of the Hospitallers’ Landed Estate in Essex,” The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick, ed. Malcolm Barber (Aldershot, 1994), pp. 3‒20; Anthony Luttrell and Léon Pressouyre, eds., La Commanderie , institution des ordres militaires dans l’Occident médiéval (Paris, 2002); David Marcombe, Leper Knights (Woodbridge, 2003); Kristjan Toomaspoeg, Templari e ospitalieri nella Sicilia medievale (Taranto, 2003); Damien Carraz, L’ordre du Temple dans la basse vallée du Rhône, 1124 ‒1312: Ordres militaires, croisades et soci étés méridionales (Lyons, 2005), pp. 191‒418; Judith Bronstein, The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: Financing the Latin East 1187‒1274 (Woodbridge, 2005). 9. Exceptions are Giles Constable, “The Place of the Crusader in Medieval Society,” Viator 29 (1998), pp. 392‒403; Tom Licence, “The Military Orders as Monastic Orders,” Crusades 5 (2006), pp. 39‒53; Simonetta Cerrini (ed.), I Templari, la guerra et la santità (Rimini, 2000), p. 7. See also Simonetta Cerrini , La Révolution des Templiers (Paris, 2007), pp. 17‒18; Alan Forey, The Military Orders (Basingstoke, 1992), pp. 1‒3. 10. Laurent H. Cottineau, Répertoire topo-bibliographique des abbayes et prieurés, 3 vols (Mâcon, 1935‒70). 11. David Knowles and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses: England and Wales (London, 1971), p. xiii. 12. See Helen Nicholson, Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights: Images of the Military Orders 1128‒1291 (Leicester, 1993), passim. 13. Alan Forey, “The Military Orders in the Crusading Proposals of the Late-Thirteenth and Early-Fourteenth Centuries,” Traditio 36 (1980), pp. 317‒45; Forey, The Military Orders, pp. 216‒20; Claverie, L’Ordre du Temple en Terre Sainte, 2.207‒27. 14. Most of the material is to be found in Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers de...