Mennonite German Soldiers: Nation, Religion, and Family in the Prussian East, 1772-1880

Notes

N O T E S One. Viewing German Nationalism from the Bottom Up 1. For an introduction to Jewish acculturation in Prussia see Katz, Out of the Ghetto; Sorkin, Transformation of German Jewry; and M. Meyer, ed., GermanJewish History. 2. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, 11; Schulze, German Nationalism , 53. 3. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 1. 4. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, 9. 5. Langewiesche, Nation, Nationalismus und Nationalstaat, 20. 6. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 25. 7. Ibid., 39. 8. Greenfield, Nationalism, 14–21. 9. Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism, 11–30. 10. A. Smith, Nations and Nationalism, 29–50. 11. Green, Fatherlands, 1–17, 298–337. 12. Hobsbawm cites a lack of “attention to the view from below” as his main critique of Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 10–11. 13. The distinction between official and popular nationalism is analyzed broadly, for example, by Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, 80–100, and B. Anderson , Imagined Communities, 83–111, and for Germany specifically by Mosse, Nationalization of the Masses. 14. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 9–46, discussed the cultural roots of nationalism, but with little attention to the specific impact of religion or warfare , which I see as central factors in shaping national identities. 15. For A. Smith this linkage both explains and requires a tight connection between national and ethnic identity; Nations and Nationalism, 112–15. See also Crago, “‘Polishness’ of Production,” 16–41; Hobsbawm, Nations and National270 ism, 46–79; Porter, When Nationalism Began to Hate, 3–9; and Pletzing, Vom Völkerfrühling zum nationalen Konflikt, 1–21. 16. The terminology of “building blocks” and this view of the construction of national identity among workers in nineteenth-century Bohemia is presented in Bahm, “Beyond the Bourgeoisie,” 19–21. 17. On the drive of nationalism to wring professions of loyalty from all members of the nation, see Langewiesche, Nation, Nationalismus und Nationalstaat , 41–45. 18. Hayes, Nationalism. A recent functionalist view of religion and nationalism is A. Smith, Chosen People. 19. Thus nationalism is more analogous to concepts such as “‘kinship’ and ‘religion’” than it is to ideologies such as “‘liberalism’ or ‘fascism’”; B. Anderson , Imagined Communities, 5. 20. Hagemann, “Mannlicher Muth und Teutsche Ehre,” 45, notes that this latter field has only recently begun to attract the interest of historians. 21. Langewiesche, Nation, Nationalismus und Nationalstaat, 24–25; Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 1–16, 75–95; Green, Fatherlands, 1–17. 22. Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 81–84, quote from p. 76. 23. M. Weber, “Profession and Vocation of Politics”; Schmidt, The Concept of the Political; and Kahn, Putting Liberalism in Its Place. 24. Frevert, Kasernierte Nation; Hagemann, “Mannlicher Muth und Teutsche Ehre”; Jansen, ed., Bürger als Soldat. 25. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 9–11; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism , 9, but with an important caveat on 79; A. Smith, Nations and Nationalism , 149, 156. 26. Schulze, The Course of German Nationalism, 53–56. 27. Colley, Britons, 1–9, 283–319. 28. E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 292–302; Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters. 29. One well-known published source, J. Walter, The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier, suggests soldiers fighting in German contingents raised for Napoleon were politically indifferent. See also Frevert, Kasernierte Nation, and Hagemann, “Mannlicher Muth und Teutsche Ehre.” 30. For an ambitious attempt to show how warfare has shaped western European culture in general, see Miller, Painted in Blood. 31. Alter’s influential work, Nationalismus, suggests a topology whereby nationalism developed its power in an early emancipatory stage and degenerated into aggression in a later integral stage. Langewiesche agrees that the emancipatory elements of nationalism lend it its powerful anchor in the lower strata of society , but at the same time he finds both aspects of emancipation and aggression simultaneously present in all forms of nationalism; Nation, Nationalismus und Nationalstaat , 35–54. Notes to Pages 5–9 271 32. Blackbourn, Marpingen; Sperber, Popular Catholicism; H. Smith, German Nationalism and Religious Conflict; M. Anderson, “Limits of Secularization,” 647–70. 33. Zillessen, Volk, Nation,Vaterland; Lehmann, “God Our Old Ally,” 85–107. 34. This lacuna is documented and analyzed in Altgeld, Katholizismus, Protestantismus , Judentum, 9–35. The most important exception, of course, is Nipperdey , Religion im Umbruch. Important overviews by church historians include Nowak, Geschichte des Christentums in Deutschland; Besier, Religion-Nation-Kultur; and Jung, Protestantismus. On the relationship between secular and church history as well as the role...